Kennel cough, also known as canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD), is a common and contagious upper respiratory infection that affects dogs. It spreads rapidly among canines, particularly in environments where many dogs are in close contact, such as kennels or dog parks. While primarily a disease of dogs, certain pathogens associated with kennel cough can, in rare instances, be transmitted to humans. This zoonotic transmission is uncommon and typically affects individuals with compromised immune systems.
The Pathogens and Human Transmission
Kennel cough in dogs is often caused by various viruses and bacteria, with Bordetella bronchiseptica being a prominent bacterial culprit. This bacterium is a primary agent responsible for respiratory symptoms in dogs. Unlike other canine respiratory pathogens, Bordetella bronchiseptica is the specific organism implicated in human infections linked to kennel cough.
Transmission to humans typically occurs through close contact with infected animals, such as inhaling aerosolized droplets when an infected dog coughs or sneezes. Direct contact with the animal or touching contaminated surfaces can also facilitate the spread. Human infection is rare and generally requires significant exposure.
Identifying Symptoms in Humans
When Bordetella bronchiseptica infects humans, symptoms often resemble common respiratory illnesses, like colds or the flu. Individuals may experience a persistent cough, which can sometimes be described as hacking or choking, similar to whooping cough. This cough might occasionally be accompanied by gagging or retching.
Other signs of infection can include a sore throat, fever, sneezing, and a runny nose. Some individuals might also report shortness of breath or chest discomfort. The incubation period for the infection can range from three to ten days after exposure. In individuals with weakened immune systems, the infection can progress to more severe conditions, such as pneumonia or septicemia.
When to Seek Medical Advice and Treatment
It is advisable to consult a healthcare professional if symptoms are severe, worsen over time, or persist for more than a week. Individuals with underlying health conditions or compromised immune systems should seek medical attention promptly if they suspect an infection. Early medical evaluation helps determine the cause of symptoms and guides appropriate management.
General management for a human infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica often involves supportive care to alleviate symptoms. In some cases, particularly for more severe infections, antibiotics may be prescribed. Bordetella bronchiseptica can show resistance to certain antibiotics, but may respond to others. A healthcare provider determines the most suitable course of action based on the individual’s condition.