Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), or an enlarged prostate, is a non-cancerous condition common in aging men. While primarily known for causing urinary issues, the prostate’s anatomical location in the male pelvis allows it to impact surrounding structures. The prostate gland sits close to the rectum, meaning its enlargement can physically influence bowel function. This relationship explains why an enlarged prostate can contribute to constipation symptoms.
Understanding Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
BPH involves the non-cancerous growth of cells within the prostate, causing the gland to increase in volume; this growth is common in aging, affecting an estimated 50% of men by age 60 and 90% by age 85. The prostate wraps around the urethra, the tube carrying urine from the bladder. As the gland enlarges, it constricts the urethra, obstructing the bladder neck.
This obstruction leads to classic lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Men often experience a frequent need to urinate, especially at night (nocturia). Other common complaints include a weak or slow urinary stream, difficulty initiating urination (hesitancy), and the sensation of incomplete bladder emptying. Straining against the obstruction can cause the bladder muscle to thicken, leading to urgency and a disruptive stop-start flow.
The Anatomical Link Between the Prostate and Bowel Function
The connection between an enlarged prostate and constipation is rooted in their anatomy. The prostate gland is situated below the bladder and directly in front of the rectum. As the prostate enlarges in BPH, it pushes against the anterior wall of the rectum. This pressure narrows the passage, impeding the normal flow of stool.
This mechanical compression slows the passage of fecal matter, leading to constipation. The interplay is complex; a distended bladder, resulting from incomplete emptying in BPH, can also swell and press backward against the colon. This secondary pressure limits the rectum’s capacity to accommodate stool. Constipation may also be a side effect of certain BPH medications, such as anticholinergics, which slow digestive muscle contractions.
Recognizing Constipation Symptoms Related to BPH
The constipation associated with BPH is distinct due to its physical cause. Men often notice increased difficulty passing stool, requiring excessive straining during a bowel movement. A common symptom is the persistent feeling of incomplete bowel evacuation, even after defecating.
The constant pressure on the rectum can also lead to a chronic sensation of rectal fullness or a dull ache in the perineal area. Physical compression may cause stools to appear thinner or flattened as they are forced through the restricted space. These symptoms differ from general constipation because the underlying cause is physical obstruction from the prostate, not solely dietary factors. Addressing the BPH itself is often the most effective way to alleviate these specific bowel complaints.
Management and When to See a Doctor
Managing constipation linked to an enlarged prostate involves lifestyle adjustments and medical evaluation. Simple measures include increasing dietary fiber intake through fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and maintaining adequate hydration to soften stool. Regular physical activity can also stimulate bowel muscles, promoting consistent elimination. If these changes do not provide relief, medical intervention is necessary.
Treating the underlying BPH, typically with medications like alpha-blockers, can often alleviate constipation by relaxing the smooth muscle in the prostate and surrounding area. Consult a physician to confirm that the enlarged prostate is the cause of the bowel changes. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience a sudden inability to pass urine or stool, severe abdominal pain, or blood in the stool. A doctor can rule out other serious conditions, such as colorectal issues.