Finding small bumps on the vulva can cause concern. The vulva, the external female genitalia, is a sensitive area composed of various tissues and structures. While an unexpected bump might be alarming, many are benign or a part of normal anatomy.
This article provides general information on common causes of vulvar bumps. This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate guidance regarding any vulvar changes.
Normal Anatomical Variations
The vulva contains natural structures that can sometimes be mistaken for abnormal bumps. Hair follicles are present across the outer labia, where pubic hair grows, and can appear as small elevations. Sebaceous glands, which produce oil for the skin, are also naturally occurring on the vulva, particularly on the labia minora and around the clitoral hood. These glands can sometimes become more prominent, appearing as small, yellowish bumps just beneath the skin.
Fordyce spots are a common example of visible sebaceous glands not associated with hair follicles. They appear as small, yellowish or white papules, typically ranging from 1 to 5 millimeters in size. They are often found on the inner labia minora and can occur in clusters, becoming more noticeable when the skin is stretched. Fordyce spots are harmless, present in a large percentage of adults, and are considered a normal anatomical variant.
Another normal variant is vestibular papillae, which are small projections found on the inner labia minora or the vestibule (the area around the vaginal opening). These papillae are typically 1-2 millimeters in size and can be flesh-colored, light pink, or white. They are soft to the touch and are not contagious or associated with any infection.
Common Non-Infectious Causes
Beyond normal anatomical variations, several non-infectious conditions can lead to the formation of bumps on the vulva. Ingrown hairs are a frequent occurrence, especially for individuals who shave, wax, or pluck pubic hair. These happen when a hair curls back and grows into the skin instead of out of the follicle, often resulting in a red, sometimes painful, and elevated bump. If multiple hair follicles become inflamed, a condition known as folliculitis can develop, resembling small pimples or red bumps, which may be itchy or sore.
Cysts are another type of non-infectious bump that can form on the vulva. Bartholin’s cysts, for instance, occur when the ducts of the Bartholin’s glands, located on either side of the vaginal opening, become blocked. These cysts typically present as soft or firm lumps and are generally painless unless they become infected. Similarly, sebaceous cysts or epidermal cysts can arise from blocked oil glands or trapped skin cells, appearing as soft or firm lumps under the skin.
Skin tags are small, soft, benign growths that are flesh-colored and can appear on the vulva. These are typically harmless and do not cause discomfort unless they are irritated by friction. These non-infectious causes are distinct from contagious conditions and usually do not spread.
Infectious Causes and Sexually Transmitted Infections
Bumps on the vulva can also be a sign of an infection, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which often require medical evaluation and treatment. Genital warts, caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), are a common STI presenting as flesh-colored, raised, or cauliflower-like growths on the vulva. Herpes, caused by the herpes simplex virus, typically appears as small, painful blisters that can break open and form sores, often recurring over time.
Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection that results in small, firm, pearly or flesh-colored bumps, often characterized by a central dimple. This condition is contagious through direct skin-to-skin contact. Syphilis, a bacterial STI, can cause a chancre, which is a firm, round, and typically painless sore that may be mistaken for a simple bump. Fungal infections, such as yeast infections, can sometimes manifest with small pustules or redness, accompanied by itching and discharge, rather than distinct bumps.
These infectious conditions are contagious and can spread through sexual contact or other close contact. Prompt medical attention is important for accurate diagnosis and management, as some of these infections can lead to more serious health issues if left untreated.
When to Seek Medical Advice
Given the variety of potential causes for vulvar bumps, knowing when to consult a healthcare professional is important. Any new, unexplained bumps on the vulva, especially after unprotected sexual contact, warrant a medical evaluation. It is important to seek advice if the bumps are accompanied by pain, itching, bleeding, or if they change rapidly in size or appearance.
Additional symptoms that signal the need for a doctor’s visit include any unusual discharge, a foul odor, fever, or swollen lymph nodes in the groin area. Bumps that do not resolve on their own or worsen over time should also be assessed by a healthcare provider. Consulting a professional is also advisable if there is any concern about a possible sexually transmitted infection. Only a healthcare professional can provide an accurate diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment based on a thorough examination and, if necessary, diagnostic tests.