Prostate cancer originates in the prostate gland, a small gland in males that contributes to seminal fluid production. Prostate cancer can spread beyond the prostate, a process known as metastasis, which typically indicates a later stage of the disease. Symptoms often become noticeable only when this occurs. Recognizing the signs of metastatic prostate cancer is important for timely medical evaluation.
Signs of Spread to Bones
The bones are a common site for prostate cancer to spread. Pain is a frequent symptom, often described as a dull ache or stabbing sensation. This pain is typically persistent, may worsen at night, and is not always relieved by rest. It can manifest in various areas, including the back, hips, ribs, pelvis, or skull.
Cancer cells can weaken bone structure, increasing the risk of breaks, known as pathological fractures. These fractures can occur in bones like the ribs, vertebrae, or leg bones with minimal trauma. Bone tenderness may also be present in affected areas.
A serious complication of bone metastasis is spinal cord compression. This occurs when cancer growing in or near the spine presses on the spinal cord. Symptoms can include progressive back pain, which might be accompanied by muscle weakness, numbness, or tingling in the arms or legs. In some cases, it can lead to difficulty walking or issues with bladder and bowel control.
Signs of Spread to Lymph Nodes and Other Organs
Prostate cancer can also spread to lymph nodes, small glands that filter fluids and fight infection. If cancer cells block the lymphatic drainage, swelling, known as lymphedema, may occur, commonly in the legs or scrotum. While less common, palpable lumps in the groin or neck areas could also indicate lymph node involvement.
Spread to the lungs can lead to respiratory symptoms. These might include a persistent cough, shortness of breath, or, in some instances, coughing up blood. Fluid accumulation around the lungs, known as a pleural effusion, can also occur.
If the liver is affected, signs can include discomfort or pain on the right side of the abdomen. Other indications of liver metastasis are jaundice, which is a yellowing of the skin and eyes, and a swollen abdomen due to fluid buildup (ascites). Nausea, poor appetite, and unexplained weight loss can also be present with liver involvement.
Although less frequent, prostate cancer can spread to the brain or spinal cord, leading to neurological symptoms. These may manifest as headaches, seizures, or changes in mental status. Weakness or numbness in parts of the body can also signal neurological involvement.
General Body-Wide Signs of Advanced Prostate Cancer
Advanced prostate cancer can also cause general body-wide signs. Unexplained significant weight loss is a common indicator, occurring without conscious effort to diet or increase physical activity.
Severe fatigue that does not improve with rest is another frequent symptom, significantly impacting daily activities. A general feeling of being unwell or malaise, along with a loss of appetite, can also be present.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Anyone experiencing new or worsening symptoms aligning with signs of advanced prostate cancer should consult a healthcare professional promptly. Do not self-diagnose based on these symptoms; a medical evaluation is necessary to determine the underlying cause.
While these signs can indicate cancer spread, they can also be associated with other conditions. Timely medical investigation is crucial for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.