Cocaine is a powerful, highly addictive central nervous system stimulant that causes profound changes in a person’s physical and psychological state. The drug rapidly increases dopamine levels in the brain, producing a short-lived, intense euphoria. Recognizing the specific signs of cocaine use is the necessary first step toward seeking help for a friend or family member. Understanding how this substance affects the body and mind can help concerned individuals identify when a loved one is struggling.
Observable Physical Indicators
The stimulant nature of cocaine causes immediate and visible physiological reactions. When the drug is snorted, common signs relate to the nasal passages. Users may exhibit a frequent runny nose, persistent sniffing, or unexplained nosebleeds due to the drug’s vasoconstrictive effect. Chronic use can damage delicate nasal tissues, potentially leading to a perforation of the nasal septum.
The eyes often show persistently dilated pupils (mydriasis), making them highly sensitive to light. Cocaine also causes hyperactivity and restlessness, where the person may be unable to sit still or may speak rapidly. This elevated energy often results in severe insomnia or significantly disrupted sleep patterns.
Cocaine acts as a potent appetite suppressant, leading to noticeable and often sudden weight loss. This may be accompanied by a generally unkempt appearance or neglect of personal hygiene. Other routes of administration leave specific marks, such as burned lips from smoking crack cocaine or track marks from injection.
Changes in Behavior and Mood
Cocaine triggers dramatic shifts in personality and emotional regulation. The initial rush of euphoria and high energy is followed by a severe “crash,” characterized by profound irritability, anxiety, and depression. These intense mood swings create an unpredictable emotional environment.
Users often become secretive, engaging in unexplained absences or lying to conceal their use. This behavior is accompanied by increased impulsivity and risk-taking, as the drug alters judgment. Escalating use can lead to extreme paranoia, suspicion, or agitation, sometimes involving the belief they are being watched.
The psychological toll manifests as a pronounced neglect of life responsibilities, including work or family obligations. Maintaining a cocaine habit creates a significant financial burden, often leading to unexplained difficulties, missing money, or repeated requests for loans.
Recognizing Acute Danger Signs
Signs that constitute a medical emergency require immediate professional intervention. As cocaine is a powerful cardiovascular stimulant, acute danger signs involve the heart and circulatory system. These include severe chest pain, a rapid or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), or extremely high blood pressure, which can indicate a heart attack or stroke. Neurological risks include convulsions, seizures, or sudden loss of consciousness. The drug can also induce excited delirium, characterized by extreme agitation and aggression, or severe hyperthermia (overheating).
Taking Action and Finding Resources
The most productive approach involves initiating a non-confrontational conversation focused on specific, observable changes in behavior and health. Avoid accusations and instead express concern about the impact these changes are having on the person and the relationship. The primary goal of this dialogue should be to encourage a professional assessment to determine the appropriate level of care.
Professional help is available across a spectrum of services. These range from medically supervised detoxification programs to manage acute withdrawal symptoms to various forms of long-term counseling. Treatment options include inpatient residential programs, which offer 24-hour support, and outpatient programs. For immediate, confidential guidance, individuals can contact the SAMHSA National Helpline at 1-800-662-HELP (4357) for free treatment referral and information. The 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline is also available by calling or texting 988 for those experiencing an emotional crisis.