Throat cancer involves malignant cells in the throat, including the pharynx and larynx (voice box). While a cough can be a sign of many conditions, it can also indicate throat cancer. Understanding its specific qualities and other associated signs helps identify when medical attention is beneficial.
Cough Characteristics Associated with Throat Cancer
A cough associated with throat cancer often differs from typical coughs. Its persistence, often lasting over three to four weeks without improvement, is a distinguishing feature.
The presence of blood in the cough, known as hemoptysis, is another concerning characteristic, appearing as streaks in mucus or phlegm. Tumors can irritate or damage blood vessels, leading to bleeding during coughing. The cough may also become hoarse, wet, or produce a wheezing sound, particularly if the tumor affects vocal cords or obstructs the airway.
Other Common Signs of Throat Cancer
Beyond a cough, several other persistent symptoms frequently accompany throat cancer. A sore throat that does not resolve over time is a common indicator. Individuals may also experience difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), where food feels stuck or there is pain during swallowing. This can occur if a tumor blocks the throat passage or affects swallowing muscles.
Changes in voice, such as persistent hoarseness or a change in speech clarity, are also notable symptoms. When cancer originates in the voice box, hoarseness can be an early sign. Ear pain, particularly if it is one-sided and not associated with an ear infection, can be a symptom of referred pain.
Unexplained weight loss is another symptom that may occur, often because the pain and difficulty associated with eating make it challenging to consume adequate nutrition. A new or enlarging lump in the neck can also signal throat cancer. These lumps are typically swollen lymph nodes, which can become enlarged as they try to fight off cancer cells, and unlike those from an infection, they tend to persist and grow. Persistent bad breath not improving with typical oral hygiene may also be noticed.
When to Consult a Doctor About a Cough
Seek medical advice for a persistent cough, especially if it does not improve within two to four weeks. It is important to consult a healthcare provider if the cough is accompanied by other concerning symptoms. The presence of blood when coughing warrants immediate medical evaluation.
Persistent hoarseness lasting over two to three weeks should also prompt a doctor’s visit. Difficulty swallowing, unexplained weight loss, or a new lump in the neck are additional signs that require prompt medical attention. These symptoms, especially when they persist or worsen, should not be ignored. Early detection of throat cancer can significantly improve treatment outcomes.
Key Risk Factors for Throat Cancer
Several factors can increase a person’s risk of developing throat cancer. Tobacco use, including smoking cigarettes, cigars, pipes, or using chewing tobacco, is a primary risk factor. The risk increases with the amount and duration of tobacco use. Heavy alcohol consumption also elevates the risk.
Combining tobacco and alcohol use creates a significantly higher risk, as their effects multiply rather than simply add together. Infection with certain types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV-16, is another important risk factor. HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer is a growing concern.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus and throat, can also contribute to an increased risk. A diet consistently lacking in fruits and vegetables or high in preserved meats may also play a role. Additionally, long-term exposure to certain toxic substances in the workplace, such as asbestos, wood dust, or formaldehyde, can increase susceptibility. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has also been identified as a risk factor.