Memantine is a medication prescribed to manage moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease. It works as an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, targeting the brain’s glutamate system. Glutamate is a neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory, but excessive levels can contribute to neuronal damage in Alzheimer’s. Memantine helps regulate glutamate activity by blocking NMDA receptors, which can improve cognitive function and behavioral symptoms.
Common Side Effects
Common side effects of memantine are generally mild and often lessen as the body adjusts. Headache is a frequently reported side effect, though it can sometimes be related to other Alzheimer’s medications taken concurrently. Dizziness is also common and can cause unsteadiness, particularly when standing up quickly.
Gastrointestinal issues, such as constipation and diarrhea, are also observed with memantine. Some people may also experience drowsiness, back pain, or mild confusion. These effects are typically temporary, resolving within a few days to weeks of starting treatment.
Serious or Less Common Side Effects
While less frequent, some side effects of memantine can be more serious and require prompt medical attention. Severe allergic reactions are possible, indicated by symptoms such as hives, extensive itching, swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat, and difficulty breathing. These symptoms necessitate immediate medical evaluation.
Other serious effects include seizures. Significant changes in mental state, such as severe confusion, agitation, or hallucinations, should also be reported to a healthcare provider. Cardiovascular effects like elevated blood pressure or a slowed heart rate can also occur.
Managing Side Effects and When to Seek Medical Attention
For common side effects, certain measures can help with management. Staying adequately hydrated can alleviate headaches and manage diarrhea. Taking memantine with food may help reduce any stomach upset. If dizziness occurs, slowly rising from a seated or lying position can help prevent unsteadiness.
Contact a healthcare provider if common side effects worsen, persist, or become bothersome. Immediate medical attention is necessary for any signs of serious side effects. Do not discontinue the medication without first consulting a doctor.
Factors Influencing Side Effects
The experience of side effects with memantine can vary among individuals due to several factors. Individual sensitivity plays a role, as some people may be more prone to certain side effects than others. The dosage of memantine also influences the likelihood and intensity of side effects; higher doses may lead to more pronounced effects.
Underlying medical conditions can affect how memantine is processed and tolerated. For instance, individuals with kidney impairment may require dosage adjustments since the medication is primarily eliminated through the kidneys. Additionally, certain drug interactions can alter memantine’s effectiveness or increase the risk of side effects.