Understanding Internal Radiation Therapy
Internal radiation therapy, also known as brachytherapy or systemic radiation therapy, is a cancer treatment method that involves placing a radioactive source directly inside the body. The primary benefit of this localized delivery is minimizing radiation exposure to surrounding healthy tissues, which can help reduce overall side effects.
Methods of Internal Radiation Delivery
Internal radiation therapy primarily falls into two categories: brachytherapy and systemic radiation therapy. Brachytherapy involves placing solid radioactive sources, such as small seeds, ribbons, or wires, directly into or immediately adjacent to the tumor. Systemic radiation therapy, on the other hand, involves administering a radioactive substance, typically in liquid or capsule form, that travels through the bloodstream. The method chosen for internal radiation impacts the distribution of radiation and, consequently, the pattern of potential side effects.
Common General Side Effects
Internal radiation therapy can lead to some general side effects not specific to a particular body area. Fatigue, ranging from mild to profound, is common. This fatigue often results from the body’s response to the radiation and the energy expended in repairing healthy cells.
Mild nausea can also occur, particularly with systemic forms where the radioactive substance circulates throughout the body. A general feeling of malaise (discomfort or unease) may also be present. These systemic effects are generally less severe than those often associated with external beam radiation therapy, but they can still affect daily activities.
Localized Side Effects
Side effects from internal radiation therapy are often concentrated in the area being treated due to the precise delivery of radiation. For head and neck cancers, individuals may experience dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, and a sore throat. These symptoms arise from the radiation’s effect on salivary glands and the lining of the throat.
Breast brachytherapy can lead to localized skin irritation, swelling, and tenderness in the treated breast area. The skin may appear red or feel sensitive. For prostate cancer treatment, common localized side effects include increased urinary urgency, frequency, and discomfort, along with changes in bowel habits such as diarrhea or rectal irritation.
Gynecological internal radiation, used for cervical or endometrial cancers, can cause vaginal dryness, narrowing of the vagina (stenosis), and irritation. Bladder or bowel changes may also occur. When systemic iodine-131 is used for thyroid cancer, localized effects can include neck tenderness, swelling, dry mouth, dry eyes, and temporary changes in taste. Systemic peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) for neuroendocrine tumors can sometimes lead to kidney toxicity and, less commonly, temporary changes in blood counts.
Managing Side Effects
Managing the side effects of internal radiation therapy involves various strategies to alleviate discomfort and support recovery. Medications are often prescribed to help control symptoms such as nausea, pain, or inflammation. For example, anti-nausea drugs can significantly reduce feelings of sickness.
Dietary adjustments can also be beneficial; soft foods may be recommended for difficulty swallowing, while dietary fiber might be adjusted for bowel changes. Proper skin care, including gentle cleansing and moisturizing, can help manage localized irritation. Maintaining good hydration is also important for overall well-being.
Adequate rest helps the body cope with fatigue and recover from treatment. Oral rinses can soothe a sore mouth or throat. Open communication with the healthcare team is essential, as they can provide personalized advice and interventions based on the specific symptoms experienced.
Timeline of Side Effects
The timeline for side effects from internal radiation therapy can vary, with effects generally categorized as acute or chronic. Acute side effects typically appear during or shortly after treatment and usually subside within weeks to a few months. For instance, temporary fatigue, mild nausea, and localized irritation often resolve within this short-term period as the body heals.
Chronic, or late, side effects are less common but can develop months or even years after treatment has concluded. While most acute symptoms are temporary, some long-term changes, such as vaginal dryness or mild bowel changes, might require ongoing management.