Lip cancer is a type of oral cancer that develops from abnormal cell growth on the lips, forming tumors or lesions. It often appears on the lower lip. While lip cancer is a relatively uncommon type of oral cavity cancer, with about 0.7 out of every 100,000 adults in the United States diagnosed each year, it is highly treatable when detected in its initial stages. Early diagnosis significantly improves outcomes, with a five-year survival rate of nearly 100 percent if a tumor is smaller than five millimeters.
Visible and Physical Signs
A primary indicator of lip cancer is a sore or lesion on the lip that does not heal within a few weeks, typically persisting for more than two weeks. These non-healing sores may also bleed easily or become crusty. A new or existing spot that changes quickly in appearance also warrants attention.
Another sign is discolored patches on the lip, which may appear white or reddish on lighter skin, or dark brown or gray on darker skin. These patches, known as leukoplakia (white) or erythroplakia (red), can be flat or slightly raised and may feel rough or scaly. A lump, bump, or noticeable thickening of the lip tissue can also indicate a concern.
The affected area may also experience unexplained pain, tingling, or numbness. Bleeding from the lip not related to injury, persistent swelling, or tightness in the jaw can also occur. In some instances, lip cancer can progress to affect dental health, potentially causing loose teeth.
Distinguishing from Common Lip Conditions
Differentiating lip cancer from common, benign lip conditions involves observing appearance, sensation, and duration. Cold sores, caused by the herpes simplex virus, are typically small, painful, fluid-filled blisters that often appear on the lips. They usually burst, form a sore, and heal within 7 to 10 days. A tingling or burning sensation often precedes a cold sore.
Canker sores, also known as aphthous ulcers, are small, painful lesions that occur inside the mouth, typically on the moist surfaces of the cheeks, tongue, roof of the mouth, or gums. They are generally round or oval with a white or yellow center and a distinct red border, and they are not contagious. Unlike cancerous lesions, canker sores usually resolve within two to three weeks and do not occur on the outer lip.
Severe chapped lips or sunburn also present differently. Chapped lips result from dryness and environmental exposure, leading to cracking, peeling, and discomfort. Sunburn on the lips is an acute inflammatory response to excessive UV exposure, characterized by redness, swelling, and tenderness, which heals as the skin recovers. These conditions typically respond to moisturizing treatments and sun protection, unlike the persistent nature of cancerous changes.
Key Risk Factors
Several factors can increase a person’s susceptibility to developing lip cancer. Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight is a significant contributor, especially for the lower lip. Individuals who spend extensive time outdoors or use tanning beds face an elevated risk due to cumulative UV exposure.
Tobacco use, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco, is strongly associated with an increased risk of oral cancers, including lip cancer. The risk escalates with increased duration and frequency of tobacco use, and it is particularly heightened when combined with heavy alcohol consumption. The habit of leaving a cigarette on the lip while smoking can further increase localized risk.
Heavy alcohol consumption independently raises the risk, which is compounded when combined with tobacco use. Other contributing factors include fair skin, which offers less natural protection against UV radiation, and being male. A weakened immune system, often seen in individuals with conditions like HIV or those on immunosuppressant medications, can also elevate the risk.
When to Consult a Medical Professional
If any sore, patch, lump, or other change on your lip persists for more than two weeks without showing signs of healing, consult a medical professional, such as a doctor or dentist. Early detection of lip cancer substantially improves treatment outcomes.
During an appointment, your healthcare provider will examine your lips, mouth, face, and neck for suspicious changes. They will also discuss your medical history and lifestyle habits. If a concerning area is identified, a biopsy is the only definitive method to confirm a cancer diagnosis.