Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) is a specialized fire suppressant designed to extinguish challenging flammable liquid fires. This foam creates a film that effectively smothers fires involving substances like jet fuel, gasoline, and oil. Its ability to rapidly suppress these intense fires has made it a standard tool in various settings. However, contact with this substance has raised significant concerns regarding potential health implications.
Key Chemicals in AFFF
The primary chemicals of concern within AFFF are per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These human-made compounds, used since the 1950s, are often referred to as “forever chemicals” because they do not easily break down in the environment or the human body.
Two common PFAS in AFFF are perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). These chemicals are highly effective in fire suppression, creating a thin, heat-resistant film that prevents oxygen from reaching the fuel source. Their stability and resistance to degradation contribute to their accumulation in the environment and biological systems.
Pathways of Exposure
Individuals can encounter AFFF through various direct and indirect pathways. Direct exposure commonly affects those who work closely with the substance, such as firefighters, military personnel, and industrial workers. This occurs during fire training exercises, emergency responses, and equipment testing. Exposure can happen through direct skin contact, inhalation of the foam’s mist or vapors, and accidental ingestion.
Indirect exposure often impacts the general public, particularly those living near sites where AFFF has been extensively used. These locations include military bases, airports, and industrial facilities, where the chemicals can leach into groundwater and surface water. Contaminated drinking water then becomes a significant route of exposure for surrounding communities. PFAS can also contaminate soil.
Health Implications
Exposure to the PFAS chemicals in AFFF has been linked to a range of health concerns, as these substances can accumulate in the bloodstream and major organs over time. Scientific research and health organizations have identified associations with several types of cancer. Kidney cancer, for instance, has a well-established link. Testicular cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, liver cancer, and bladder cancer have also been identified as potential risks.
Beyond cancer, other health issues are associated with PFAS exposure from AFFF. Thyroid disease is a concern, as PFAS can act as endocrine disruptors, interfering with hormone systems. Ulcerative colitis has also been linked to PFAS.
Additionally, exposure may contribute to increased cholesterol levels, changes in liver enzymes, and immune system effects. Reproductive and developmental issues have been observed in studies. Research continues to explore the full scope of effects from AFFF exposure.
Guidance Following Exposure
Individuals who suspect they have been exposed to AFFF should seek medical consultation. It is important to inform healthcare providers about the potential exposure to AFFF or PFAS chemicals. This information can help medical professionals understand a patient’s health history.
Healthcare providers may discuss options for monitoring, such as blood tests to measure PFAS levels. These tests can indicate the presence and concentration of PFAS in the body, though it is important to understand that such tests are for informational purposes and do not diagnose specific diseases. Medical advice should always come from qualified health professionals who can assess individual circumstances and provide appropriate guidance.