Florida’s subtropical climate has established the state as a hub for lizard diversity. The warm, humid environment, particularly in the southern half of the peninsula, creates ideal conditions for reptiles from tropical regions. This climate supports both indigenous lizard populations and numerous introduced species. Lizards are among the most visible forms of wildlife, often seen scampering across sidewalks, sunning on fences, and scaling tree trunks.
The Native Lizards of Florida
The indigenous lizards of Florida form the foundation of the state’s natural reptile population. The Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis) is the only anole species native to the United States and can change color from green to brown. These slender lizards, which reach about eight inches, are distinguished by the pink or reddish dewlap, a throat fan males display during rituals.
Florida is also home to several species of native Skinks, which are more terrestrial and secretive than the anoles. The Broad-headed Skink (Plestiodon laticeps) is the largest native lizard in the southeast, reaching lengths up to 13 inches. Juveniles of the Broad-headed and Five-lined Skinks are recognizable by their striking blue tails, a defensive distraction that breaks off when grasped by a predator.
These native species are insectivores, controlling local arthropod populations. The Green Anole has been significantly affected by invasive competitors. Native anoles have been displaced to higher, thinner perches in trees to avoid direct competition and predation pressure from the Brown Anole on lower branches. The larger invasive species also prey upon the eggs and hatchlings of the native Green Anole.
The Pervasive Small Invasive Species
The most frequently encountered lizards in Florida’s urban areas are small, non-native species. The Brown Anole (Anolis sagrei), originating in Cuba and the Bahamas, is the most prolific invasive lizard in the state. Unlike the native Green Anole, the Brown Anole is typically brown or gray, often displaying stripes or chevron patterns. This species primarily occupies lower perches, such as fences and the base of trees, conflicting with the native anole’s habitat.
Another widespread newcomer is the Mediterranean House Gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus), a small, pale, nocturnal lizard seen clinging to walls near exterior lights. Geckos are easily identified by their sticky toe pads, lidless eyes, and vertical pupils. The Mediterranean species has noticeably bumpy skin. This gecko established populations after likely arriving as a stowaway on ships.
The Northern Curly-tailed Lizard (Leiocephalus carinatus) is another common small invasive, originally introduced in the 1940s. This lizard is distinctly terrestrial and is often seen basking in sunny, open areas like sidewalks. Its common name comes from its habit of curling its thick, saw-scaled tail upward, a display used to deter predators. These small invaders are successful because they are highly adaptable and thrive in human-altered environments.
Large and High-Profile Invasive Lizards
Florida has several larger, highly visible invasive lizards that pose management challenges. The Green Iguana (Iguana iguana), native to Central and South America, often reaches lengths of six feet and weights up to 17 pounds. These large, herbivorous reptiles damage landscapes by consuming plants and flowers. Their burrowing activity also undermines infrastructure, contributing to the collapse of seawalls, sidewalks, and foundations, particularly in South Florida.
The Black Spiny-tailed Iguana (Ctenosaura similis) is another established large invasive. These dark iguanas are known for their spiny tails and propensity to dig deep burrows, creating structural problems similar to those caused by the Green Iguana. The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) is the largest anole found in Florida, a Cuban native that can grow to 20 inches. This bright green lizard preys on smaller anoles.
The Brown Basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus) is a medium-sized species that can grow up to two feet long. It is famous for its ability to run across the surface of water. Males possess a distinct, enlarged crest extending from the back of the head. Basilisks are found near water in thick vegetation. These large invaders are not protected in Florida, and wildlife officials encourage their removal to mitigate damage.
Identification and Safety Guidance
Distinguishing between common species involves observing color, dewlap, and perching height. The native Green Anole changes body color, but its dewlap is solid pink or red. The invasive Brown Anole is always brown or gray with a patterned body and a dark reddish-brown dewlap. If a small anole is observed on the ground or a low fence, it is likely the invasive Brown Anole, as the native species occupies higher branches.
The vast majority of Florida’s lizards are harmless and non-aggressive toward humans. However, larger species like the Green Iguana and Black Spiny-tailed Iguana can defend themselves if threatened. They possess sharp claws and teeth and can deliver a painful lash with their muscular tail, so they should be observed from a distance. Since these non-native species cause damage, they are not protected by law, and homeowners may humanely remove them on their property.