Sciatica describes a distinct type of pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, which extends from the lower back, through the hips and buttocks, and down each leg. This is not a medical diagnosis but a symptom of an underlying issue compressing or irritating this nerve. The pain can range from a mild ache to a sharp, burning sensation, and in some instances, may be accompanied by numbness, tingling, or muscle weakness in the affected leg.
Age-Related Spinal Changes
As the body ages, natural wear and tear can lead to changes within the spine, making it a primary contributor to sciatica. One of the most common age-related causes is a herniated disc. The spine’s vertebrae are cushioned by discs made of a tough exterior and a soft, gel-like center. Over time, these discs can lose hydration and elasticity, making the outer layer more prone to cracking, which can allow the inner material to push through and press on nearby nerve roots that form the sciatic nerve.
This degenerative process, often called degenerative disc disease, is a normal part of aging and can begin as early as one’s 40s. Another structural change that becomes more common with age is the development of bone spurs, which are overgrowths of bone that can form on the vertebrae. These bony projections can narrow the spaces through which nerves pass, leading to compression.
This narrowing of the spinal canal is a condition known as spinal stenosis and is another frequent cause of sciatic pain in older adults. The gradual degeneration of spinal components means that structures designed to protect the spinal cord and its nerve roots can become the source of painful compression. These changes increase the probability of developing sciatica.
Lifestyle and Occupational Hazards
Daily habits and the physical demands of a person’s job can influence the risk of developing sciatica. A sedentary lifestyle, particularly one involving prolonged sitting, places increased pressure on the discs in the lower back. This is common in office jobs or for individuals who drive for long hours, as the seated position can stress the spine more than standing, potentially leading to disc herniation.
Conversely, physically demanding occupations also present a risk. Jobs that require frequent heavy lifting, twisting of the back, or repetitive bending can strain the spine and its supporting muscles. This repeated stress can accelerate the wear and tear on the spinal discs and vertebrae, making nerve compression more likely. Without proper lifting techniques, such as using the legs and keeping the back straight, the force on the lower back is magnified.
The lack of regular physical activity contributes to weak core muscles, which are important for supporting the spine. When these muscles are not strong, more of the load from daily movements is transferred directly to the spinal column, increasing vulnerability to injury and nerve irritation.
Health Conditions and Body Composition
An individual’s overall health and physical makeup influence the likelihood of experiencing sciatica. Excess body weight, or obesity, is a contributing factor because it increases the mechanical stress on the spine. Every extra pound of body weight adds pressure to the spinal discs, which can accelerate their degeneration and make herniation more probable.
Diabetes is another condition that elevates the risk of sciatica, through its potential to cause nerve damage, a complication known as diabetic neuropathy. High blood sugar levels can impair nerve function throughout the body, including the sciatic nerve, making it more susceptible to irritation and damage. This means that even minor nerve compression, which might not cause symptoms in a healthy individual, could trigger significant pain in someone with diabetes.
Smoking is also linked to a higher incidence of sciatica. Nicotine impairs blood circulation, which can reduce the delivery of nutrients to the spinal discs. This compromised blood flow can accelerate the degenerative process, weaken the discs, and slow down the healing process if an injury does occur, increasing the risk of developing chronic sciatic pain.