Throat sores, characterized by pain or irritation, are open lesions within the throat, esophagus, or voice box. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing or taste changes. While many resolve on their own, understanding their origins is key to relief. Causes range from common infections to physical traumas or systemic conditions.
Infections
Infections are the most frequent cause of throat sores, often leading to inflammation and discomfort.
Viral infections are a common cause, including those causing the common cold, influenza, and mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus). Herpes simplex can cause sores, and coxsackievirus causes hand, foot, and mouth disease with mouth and throat lesions.
Bacterial infections are another source of throat sores, with Streptococcus pyogenes causing strep throat. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, red tonsils, and sometimes a rash. While less common than viral causes, bacterial infections can be severe and may require antibiotic treatment.
Fungal infections, such as oral thrush (candidiasis), can cause throat sores. It appears as a white, cottage cheese-like coating in the mouth, extending to the throat. Oral thrush is prevalent in individuals with weakened immune systems or those undergoing certain treatments, like prolonged antibiotic use.
Environmental and Chemical Irritation
Beyond infections, external and internal factors can irritate throat tissues, leading to sores.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus and throat. This acidic reflux can cause inflammation and, over time, lead to sores or ulcers in the throat lining.
Exposure to irritants like tobacco smoke and e-cigarette vapor can damage and inflame throat tissues. Allergens can trigger post-nasal drip, where mucus drains down the back of the throat, causing irritation and soreness. Breathing through the mouth can also lead to a dry, sore throat.
Dry air or insufficient fluid intake can dehydrate throat membranes, making them susceptible to irritation and abrasions. Exposure to harsh chemicals or fumes, like cleaning products or industrial irritants, can damage throat tissues. Overconsumption of acidic foods and beverages, including citrus fruits, vinegar, caffeine, and alcohol, can also contribute to throat irritation.
Physical Damage and Specific Oral Issues
Physical trauma or localized conditions can also result in throat sores, distinct from infections or environmental irritants.
Swallowing sharp or hard foods can cause abrasions or lacerations to the throat lining. Medical procedures, such as intubation or endoscopy, can lead to temporary damage and sores. Vigorous coughing or vomiting can also irritate or injure throat tissues.
Aphthous ulcers, or canker sores, typically form inside the mouth but can extend to the throat. While their exact cause is not fully understood, triggers often include stress or minor injuries to the mouth lining. Certain medications can also contribute to throat issues by causing dry mouth (increasing irritation susceptibility) or directly inducing oral lesions.
In rare instances, throat sores may indicate underlying systemic conditions, such as certain autoimmune diseases. Chemotherapy and radiation treatments for cancer can also lead to mucositis, causing painful inflammation and sores in the mouth and throat.