Experiencing bumps on or around the nipple can be concerning, but these small structures are usually part of the body’s normal anatomy. The nipple is surrounded by the areola, the pigmented skin. Both the nipple and areola contain glands and follicles that appear as small, raised bumps, most of which are entirely harmless. Understanding these natural causes provides reassurance, while recognizing signs that warrant medical evaluation is important.
The Most Common Bumps: Normal Anatomy
The most frequent explanation for small, raised bumps on the areola are Montgomery glands, also known as Montgomery tubercles. These are specialized sebaceous glands, which are oil-producing structures present on the surface of the areola. They typically look like tiny, fleshy goosebumps and vary widely in number, sometimes up to 40 on each areola.
The primary function of these glands is lubrication and protection. They secrete an oily substance, called sebum, which keeps the nipple and areola skin soft, preventing dryness or cracking, especially during breastfeeding. This natural oil also contains antibacterial properties. Other normal structures that may appear bumpy include hair follicles and small surface veins.
Temporary Bumps Related to Hormones and Life Stages
Montgomery glands are permanent features, but their size and visibility depend highly on hormonal fluctuations. Changes during puberty or shifts in hormones during the menstrual cycle can cause these glands to become more noticeable.
Pregnancy causes significant changes, often making the tubercles larger, darker, and more numerous. This enlargement is a physiological response that prepares the breast tissue for lactation. Temperature changes or sexual arousal can also cause the small muscles in the areola to contract, making the skin look temporarily bumpier.
Minor Skin Issues and Inflammation
Sometimes, bumps are minor dermatological conditions rather than glands. Folliculitis, an inflammation of the hair follicles, causes small, red, and sometimes painful bumps resembling acne when the follicle becomes clogged with oil, sweat, or bacteria. Ingrown hairs, which form from the small hairs surrounding the areola, also create similar irritated bumps.
Contact dermatitis, a form of skin irritation or allergy, may manifest as bumps, redness, or a scaly rash. This reaction is commonly triggered by irritants like harsh soaps or laundry detergents rubbing against the sensitive skin. Blocked ducts or clogged pores can also appear as a bump, especially in those who are breastfeeding.
Warning Signs That Require Medical Attention
While most nipple bumps are benign, specific characteristics should prompt a visit to a healthcare provider for examination. A bump that is rapidly growing, hard, fixed in place, or painless warrants professional evaluation, as these can be signs of a deeper issue. Any persistent or unusual skin changes on the areola or nipple should be noted, such as redness, scaling, or crusting that does not resolve.
A change in the skin’s texture, like dimpling or puckering that resembles the surface of an orange peel—a condition known as Peau d’orange—is a serious warning sign. Other concerning symptoms include a nipple that suddenly turns inward or retracts, or any spontaneous discharge, especially if it is bloody or clear. Signs of a localized infection, such as severe pain, warmth, or a bump accompanied by fever or chills, should also be addressed immediately.