Biting flies are a common nuisance in coastal environments, often encountered by beachgoers. While many anticipate sun and sand, they may not be prepared for the discomfort caused by various species of flies that seek blood meals. Understanding these pests, their behaviors, and effective protective measures is important for a more pleasant experience by the water.
Common Beach Biting Flies
Sand flies, also known as “no-see-ums” or biting midges, are typically less than 1/8 inch long and can be golden, brownish, or gray. Their small size makes them difficult to see, but their bites are noticeably painful and can result in red, itchy bumps or blisters.
Stable flies, sometimes called dog flies, resemble common house flies but have a pointed mouthpart for piercing skin. These flies are about 1/4 inch long and gray with four dark stripes on their thorax. Their bites are often described as sharp and painful, commonly occurring on ankles and legs.
Horse flies are larger, ranging from 3/8 to over 1 inch long, and can be gray or blackish, sometimes with green eyes. Deer flies are smaller, typically 1/4 to 1/2 inch long, usually black or brownish with dark bands on their wings and spotted eyes. Both inflict painful bites by using scissor-like mouthparts to cut the skin, creating a pool of blood they then consume.
Mosquitoes, though generally associated with stagnant water, can also be present in coastal areas, particularly near vegetation. These slender insects have long legs and a proboscis for piercing skin, and their bites typically leave itchy, raised red welts.
Understanding Their Behavior
Female biting flies seek blood meals primarily for reproduction, as they require proteins and other nutrients from blood to develop their eggs. Male flies typically feed on nectar or plant sugars.
These flies exhibit specific activity patterns and habitat preferences. Many species, including biting midges, are most active during calm conditions, especially around dawn and dusk. Stable flies are most abundant in late summer and fall, often biting in the early morning or late afternoon. Horse and deer flies are strong fliers, most active during the warmest parts of the day, and attracted to movement and warm, humid conditions. They are commonly found near bodies of water, marshy areas, and damp sand, which provide suitable breeding grounds. Biting flies are also attracted to cues such as carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals, and body heat.
Protecting Yourself from Bites
Protecting yourself from biting flies at the beach involves preventative measures and immediate bite care. Applying insect repellents containing active ingredients like DEET or picaridin is effective. DEET is widely used, while picaridin offers comparable protection and is often preferred for its odorless, non-greasy nature and less likelihood of damaging fabrics. Higher concentrations generally provide longer protection.
Wearing appropriate clothing can reduce exposure to bites. Light-colored clothing, including long-sleeved shirts and pants, limits exposed skin. Avoiding peak activity times, such as dawn and dusk, or heavily infested areas like marshes and tall dune grass, can further minimize encounters. Portable fans can also deter flies by creating a breeze.
If bitten, several treatments can alleviate symptoms. Cleaning the bite area with soap and water is recommended. Topical anti-itch creams containing hydrocortisone or calamine lotion can reduce itching and swelling. Applying a cold compress or ice pack to the affected area also provides relief. For more severe itching, non-prescription oral antihistamines, such as cetirizine or loratadine, may be beneficial.