Proteolytic enzymes are substances that facilitate chemical reactions in the body. Often called biological scissors, their primary function is breaking down complex proteins into smaller units, like amino acids. This process is fundamental to many bodily functions, including digestion, where they help unlock nutrients for absorption.
Beyond digestion, these enzymes play a part in blood clotting, cell division, and immune responses. They help manage inflammation and are involved in tissue repair throughout the body. The body produces its own supply, primarily in the pancreas, but they can also be obtained from certain foods and dietary supplements.
The Proposed Anti-Cancer Mechanisms of Proteolytic Enzymes
One theory suggests proteolytic enzymes may act against cancer by degrading the extracellular matrix. This matrix is the network of proteins and other molecules that surrounds and supports cells and tissues. Cancer cells can use enzymes to break down this matrix, which allows them to invade nearby tissues and metastasize.
Another proposed mechanism centers on the modulation of the tumor microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment consists of the cells, blood vessels, and molecules that surround a tumor. Proteolytic enzymes can influence this environment by affecting angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels that supply the tumor, and by regulating the immune response.
Proteolytic enzymes are also thought to interfere with cancer progression by inducing apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in tumor cells. They may also inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, slowing their growth and spread. Some research suggests that these enzymes can modify signaling pathways within cancer cells, disrupting the communication that drives their growth.
It is also theorized that proteolytic enzymes can alter the surface of cancer cells. By cleaving proteins on the cell surface, these enzymes may expose cancer cells to the immune system, making them more susceptible to attack. This process could also interfere with the ability of cancer cells to adhere to one another and to the extracellular matrix, hindering their ability to form tumors.
Key Proteolytic Enzymes Used in Oncological Support
Pancreatic Enzymes (Trypsin & Chymotrypsin)
Trypsin and chymotrypsin are two primary proteolytic enzymes produced by the pancreas. While they function digestively, they have also been investigated for potential systemic effects when absorbed into the bloodstream. In oncology, trypsin and chymotrypsin are often used in combination. It is proposed that these enzymes may help reduce inflammation, support the immune system, and have direct effects on tumor cells by inhibiting migration and promoting cell adhesion.
Bromelain
Bromelain is a complex mixture of proteolytic enzymes from the pineapple plant, with a long history of use for its anti-inflammatory properties. Research suggests bromelain may modulate key signaling pathways and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. It is also thought to have immune-modulating effects. Some studies indicate that bromelain may inhibit the aggregation of platelets, which could reduce the risk of tumor cell emboli.
Papain
Papain is a proteolytic enzyme from the papaya plant, often used in supplemental formulas with other enzymes. Its proposed anti-cancer mechanisms are similar to those of other proteolytic enzymes. It is thought to influence the tumor microenvironment and may inhibit the growth of tumor cells or induce apoptosis.
Nattokinase and Serrapeptase
Nattokinase is an enzyme from fermented soybeans, while serrapeptase is derived from bacteria. Both are known for their fibrinolytic activity, meaning they can break down fibrin, a protein involved in blood clotting. In oncology, this activity is of interest because it is hypothesized these enzymes may dissolve the fibrin coating around tumors, making them more vulnerable to the immune system and cancer therapies. The evidence for this in humans is still preliminary.
A Review of the Scientific Evidence
The majority of research into the anti-cancer effects of proteolytic enzymes has been conducted in laboratory settings, using cell cultures and animal models. These studies have produced some promising results, suggesting enzymes may inhibit tumor growth, induce cancer cell death, and modulate the immune system. However, these findings do not always translate to humans.
A limited number of human clinical trials have investigated the use of proteolytic enzymes in cancer patients. A 2019 systematic review of 15 studies found that the evidence was insufficient to conclude that proteolytic enzymes provide a clear therapeutic benefit. The studies included in the review were of moderate quality and had conflicting results.
Some clinical studies have explored using proteolytic enzymes as an adjuvant therapy alongside conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. These studies aimed to determine if the enzymes could reduce treatment side effects and improve patients’ quality of life. While some studies have reported positive outcomes, the overall evidence remains inconclusive.
One observational study compared the outcomes of patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer who chose to receive either gemcitabine-based chemotherapy or a proteolytic enzyme treatment. The study found that patients who received chemotherapy had a significantly longer median survival time and better quality of life than those who received the enzyme treatment. This highlights the importance of not using proteolytic enzymes as a substitute for conventional cancer care.
Safety Considerations and Integration with Conventional Care
Individuals considering the use of proteolytic enzymes must consult with their oncologist before beginning any new supplement regimen. Proteolytic enzymes can have side effects and may interact with other medications. The most common side effects are gastrointestinal, including gas, bloating, and diarrhea. Allergic reactions are also possible.
Certain individuals should avoid taking proteolytic enzymes. Because of their potential to affect blood clotting, these enzymes are not for people with bleeding disorders or those taking blood-thinning medications, such as warfarin. Individuals who are scheduled for surgery should also discontinue the use of proteolytic enzymes beforehand.
The timing of administration is a factor in how proteolytic enzymes are utilized by the body. When taken with food, these enzymes primarily function as digestive aids. For systemic effects, like reducing inflammation, proteolytic enzymes are taken on an empty stomach, about an hour before or two hours after a meal. This allows them to be absorbed into the bloodstream.
Proteolytic enzymes should not be considered a standalone treatment for cancer. The current scientific evidence does not support their use as an alternative to conventional cancer therapies. If used at all, they should be considered as a complementary therapy, integrated with standard medical care under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.