The insects commonly called “pincher bugs” are scientifically known as earwigs (Order Dermaptera). These dark, elongated insects are easily identified by the prominent pair of forceps, or pincers, extending from their abdomen. Although often regarded as mere nuisances or garden pests, earwigs play a complex and multifaceted role in the environment. Rather than being purely destructive, these nocturnal creatures function as both predators and recyclers, contributing significantly to the health of outdoor ecosystems.
Role as Decomposers in the Ecosystem
Earwigs primarily function as detritivores, meaning they consume decaying organic matter, which is a fundamental process in nutrient cycling. They actively feed on fallen leaves, mold, and other plant debris found in the soil and mulch layer. By consuming this decaying biomass, earwigs help maintain soil aeration and fertility. They also consume the bodies of dead insects, preventing the buildup of organic waste. This role as a primary decomposer is a major contributor to a healthy, balanced ecosystem.
Predatory Control of Garden Pests
Beyond their role as recyclers, earwigs are opportunistic predators that actively hunt and consume various soft-bodied insect pests. They are voracious feeders on organisms like aphids, scale insects, mites, and the eggs of other destructive garden insects. This predation offers a natural form of biological control by reducing pest populations. For instance, earwigs are known to be particularly effective at controlling woolly apple aphids on fruit trees. Their nocturnal habits mean they hunt when many pests are most active.
When Earwigs Cause Plant Damage
Despite their beneficial roles, earwigs are omnivores and will consume living plant tissue, especially when populations are high or preferred food sources are scarce. They are particularly drawn to tender, soft vegetation, including the leaves of lettuce, celery, and young seedlings, as well as soft fruits like strawberries and the silks of corn. The characteristic sign of earwig feeding is the appearance of numerous small, irregular holes or ragged edges on leaves and flower petals. Unlike slugs, which leave a telltale slime trail, earwigs leave small, black fecal pellets near the feeding site. While damage is typically cosmetic on mature plants, it can be detrimental to delicate flowers such as dahlias, marigolds, and zinnias.
Debunking the Ear-Entry Myth
The name “earwig” itself is rooted in a centuries-old piece of folklore suggesting the insect crawls into a sleeping person’s ear. This belief stems from the insect’s habit of seeking out dark, protected spaces. Earwigs are naturally skittish and avoid contact with humans and animals. While any small insect could accidentally wander into an ear canal, cases involving earwigs are extremely rare and purely incidental. Earwigs prefer the damp, cool environment of leaf litter and mulch over any part of the human body.