The genus Paeonia encompasses around 30 species of flowering plants known for their showy, fragrant blossoms. Native to Asia, Europe, and Western North America, the peony has been cultivated for millennia, holding deep cultural significance. Historically, the plant was valued not only as an ornamental species but also as a source of medicine and food. Examining its applications reveals how the peony has served human needs from the garden to the traditional pharmacy.
Peonies in Landscaping and Floral Design
Peonies are highly valued perennial plants in horticulture, prized for their longevity and spectacular blooms. Gardeners typically select from three main groups: herbaceous, tree, and intersectional hybrids. Herbaceous peonies, such as the common garden peony (Paeonia lactiflora), die back to the ground each winter.
Tree peonies (Paeonia suffruticosa) are woody shrubs that maintain their structure year-round, producing large, dramatic flowers on permanent stems. Intersectional peonies, also known as Itoh hybrids, are a cross between the herbaceous and tree types, combining the best features of both. These hybrids, exemplified by the yellow-flowered ‘Bartzella’, offer sturdy stems and an extended bloom season.
The flowers are commercially significant as high-demand cut flowers, particularly for weddings and seasonal bouquets, where their fluffy, double-blossom forms are popular. Certain varieties are grown to be cut in the bud stage, which should feel soft like a marshmallow, and can be stored temporarily before opening. This careful cultivation ensures the flowers are available for various design applications.
Traditional Medicinal Applications
For thousands of years, the roots and root bark of different peony species have been central to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The dried root of the herbaceous white peony (Paeonia lactiflora) is known as Bai Shao, while the dried root bark of the tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) is called Mu Dan Pi. Though both are derived from peonies, they address different conditions within TCM theory.
Bai Shao is traditionally used to nourish the blood, regulate the menstrual cycle, and alleviate pain, particularly cramping and muscle spasms. It is frequently included in complex herbal formulas to treat gynecological symptoms. The roots are harvested from four- to five-year-old cultivated plants, cleaned, and often boiled briefly before drying for preparation as a decoction.
In contrast, Mu Dan Pi is traditionally used for cooling the blood and reducing heat, relating to its use as an antipyretic agent. This root bark is also used to mildly invigorate blood circulation and is applied to treat conditions associated with stagnant blood. The distinction between the two forms emphasizes the highly specific nature of herbal preparation in traditional practice.
Culinary Uses of the Peony
The usage of peony extends into the kitchen, focusing primarily on the edible petals of the blossom. The petals lend a delicate, slightly floral flavor to various culinary creations. They are often used fresh as a colorful garnish in salads or frozen into ice cubes to enhance summer beverages.
A common application is steeping the petals to create syrups, jellies, and teas, capturing the flower’s subtle flavor and color. Peony syrup can be used to flavor cocktails, lemonades, or to drizzle over desserts. Historically, the seeds were also used as a spice, and an infusion of the petals, known as peony water, was a popular medieval drink. When using peonies culinarily, ensure the flowers have not been treated with pesticides or other chemicals.
Current Bioactive Compound Research
Modern scientific inquiry focuses on isolating specific compounds responsible for the traditional effects, moving away from whole plant preparation. The most studied molecule is paeoniflorin, a monoterpene glycoside found in high concentration in the roots of Paeonia lactiflora. This compound is being investigated for pharmacological activities that align with the plant’s historical medicinal use.
Research models are exploring paeoniflorin’s strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Studies have shown its potential in modulating the immune system, suggesting a role in managing autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. Paeoniflorin also exhibits neuroprotective effects, leading to research into its application for neurological ailments and pain management.