No-see-ums, also known as biting midges, are tiny insects that cause significant discomfort. Their minuscule size makes them difficult to detect, often revealing their presence only through irritating bites. They are a common nuisance, especially in warm, humid regions.
Identifying No-See-Ums
No-see-ums belong to the insect family Ceratopogonidae, encompassing over 5,000 species worldwide. These insects typically measure 1 to 3 millimeters (0.03 to less than 1/16 of an inch) in length. Their diminutive size makes them nearly invisible to the naked eye, hence their common name.
Adults are generally gray with wings often covered in fine hairs, sometimes displaying patterns. They possess well-developed mouthparts for cutting skin. No-see-ums undergo complete metamorphosis, progressing through four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Their life cycle ranges from two to six weeks, but can extend up to a year depending on the species and environmental conditions.
Where and When They Bite
No-see-ums thrive in moist environments, commonly found near salt marshes, swamps, coastal regions, and other damp areas with water sources. Their eggs require moisture to develop, with larvae often found in muddy substrates or decaying organic matter. These insects are attracted to carbon dioxide and body heat, which humans and animals naturally emit.
Only female no-see-ums bite, as they require a blood meal to produce eggs, similar to mosquitoes. Male no-see-ums, along with females not seeking blood, typically feed on plant nectar. They are most active at dawn and dusk, but can also be problematic on overcast or warm days. Bites cause an immediate burning sensation, followed by itchy, red welts that may persist for days or weeks.
Managing Bites and Prevention
Preventing no-see-um bites involves several strategies:
- Use insect repellents containing DEET or picaridin. Some essential oils like camphor, eucalyptus, mint, or lemon also offer a repellent effect. Apply to exposed skin as directed.
- Wear protective clothing, such as long-sleeved shirts and long pants, to minimize exposed skin, especially during peak activity times.
- Stay indoors during dawn and dusk, when no-see-ums are most active.
- Install fine-mesh screens (20×20 mesh or finer) on windows, as standard screens often have mesh too large for these tiny insects.
- Use outdoor fans, as no-see-ums are weak fliers and struggle against even a light breeze.
- Eliminate standing water or improve drainage around your property to reduce breeding grounds.
Should bites occur, prompt treatment can help manage discomfort:
- Wash the affected area with soap and warm water.
- Apply a cold compress or ice pack to reduce swelling and itching.
- Use over-the-counter anti-itch creams, hydrocortisone cream, calamine lotion, or oral antihistamines for relief.
- Avoid scratching bites to prevent skin irritation and potential secondary infections.