Nasal mites are tiny parasites that primarily inhabit the nasal passages of dogs. These microscopic organisms can lead to various respiratory symptoms in affected canines. Understanding these mites, their effects, and how they spread is important for pet owners.
Understanding Nasal Mites
Nasal mites, scientifically known as Pneumonyssoides caninum, are small arachnids that reside in the nasal cavities and sinuses of their hosts. These mites are typically oval-shaped and light yellow in color, measuring about 1 to 1.5 millimeters in length. Though technically visible, their small size and preferred internal habitat make them difficult to spot without magnification.
These mites primarily live on the mucosal lining of the nasal passages, particularly in the ethmoid and frontal sinuses, where they feed on the keratin layer of the epidermis. While dogs are the most common hosts, Pneumonyssoides caninum has also been reported in silver foxes. The mites have a worldwide distribution, affecting dogs of all breeds, ages, and sexes.
Signs and How They Spread
Dogs infested with nasal mites can exhibit a range of symptoms, though some may show no signs at all. Common indicators include frequent sneezing, particularly “reverse sneezing” where the dog rapidly sniffs air inward. Nasal discharge, which can be clear or contain mucus or pus, is also a frequent sign, alongside nosebleeds, caused by irritation to the nasal tissue.
Additional signs of irritation can include head shaking, pawing at the nose, and an impaired sense of smell. Some dogs might also experience noisy or labored breathing, coughing, or increased restlessness. Nasal mites are highly contagious, primarily spreading through direct nose-to-nose contact between infected and uninfected dogs. Transmission can also occur indirectly through shared environments or objects, as the mites can survive off a host for up to 19 days.
Getting Rid of Nasal Mites and Staying Safe
Veterinarians diagnose nasal mite infestations through various methods, often beginning with a physical examination. A definitive diagnosis can involve rhinoscopy, using a thin scope to visualize the mites directly within the nasal passages. Another diagnostic approach is a nasal flush, using saline solution to dislodge mites from the nasal chambers for microscopic examination. Blood tests, X-rays, or CT scans may also rule out other conditions with similar symptoms.
Treatment for nasal mites typically involves antiparasitic medications, although no drugs are specifically approved solely for nasal mites. Commonly used medications include ivermectin, administered orally or via injection, and milbemycin oxime, often given orally. Selamectin and imidacloprid/moxidectin are also topical options that can be effective. Treatment success rates are generally high, though some symptoms may persist if other underlying respiratory issues are present.
Preventing nasal mite infestations involves limiting a dog’s contact with unknown or potentially infected animals, especially in settings like dog parks or boarding facilities. Maintaining good hygiene for pets and their living areas can also help reduce the risk of transmission. Nasal mites are highly species-specific to dogs and do not pose a risk to human health or cats.