Nabothian cysts in the cervix are common, harmless growths and a normal part of cervical anatomy. They generally do not indicate a serious health concern, and many individuals have them without knowing.
Understanding Nabothian Cysts
Nabothian cysts are mucus-filled sacs that develop on the surface of the cervix. Also known as Nabothian follicles or mucinous retention cysts, they usually appear as small, smooth, white or yellowish bumps. Typically a few millimeters, they can occasionally reach up to 4 centimeters. These benign cysts are not cancerous and do not increase cervical cancer risk.
How Nabothian Cysts Form
These cysts develop when outer skin-like cells (squamous epithelium) of the ectocervix grow over mucus-producing cells (glandular epithelium) of the endocervix. This overgrowth blocks endocervical gland ducts, trapping and accumulating mucus, which forms a cyst. This process often results from natural physiological changes, such as those after childbirth, during hormonal shifts, or in response to chronic cervical inflammation.
Identifying and Diagnosing Cysts
Most Nabothian cysts do not cause symptoms and are often discovered incidentally during routine gynecological examinations, such as a pelvic exam or Pap test. Providers identify them visually as small, smooth, dome-shaped nodules on the cervix. In rare instances, very large cysts might cause minor symptoms like pressure, irregular bleeding, or unusual discharge.
Diagnosis is usually made clinically based on their characteristic appearance during an examination. If the growth’s nature is uncertain or cysts are unusually large, imaging techniques like transvaginal ultrasound, MRI, or colposcopy may be used. These evaluations confirm the diagnosis and distinguish Nabothian cysts from other similar cervical conditions.
Managing Nabothian Cysts
As benign cysts that typically cause no symptoms, Nabothian cysts generally require no treatment. Observation is the standard approach, as most cysts remain stable or may resolve on their own. Patients are often reassured about their harmless nature.
In rare situations where a cyst is very large, causes persistent symptoms, or obstructs the view during a Pap test, a healthcare provider might consider minor procedures. These could include drainage, electrocautery (using heat), or cryotherapy (freezing). Such procedures are uncommon, performed to alleviate specific issues, not as routine measures. Regular gynecological check-ups remain important for overall cervical health, regardless of Nabothian cysts.