Montgomery glands are a natural part of breast anatomy, often appearing as small, raised bumps on the areola, the darker skin surrounding the nipple. They are present in all individuals, though their visibility can fluctuate throughout life. These glands play an important role in maintaining breast health and function.
Appearance and Location
Montgomery glands typically appear as small, rounded bumps or nodules on the areola. Their size can vary, ranging from a pinhead to a pea. The color usually matches the surrounding areola or may appear slightly lighter or darker.
They are found directly on the areola, arranged around the nipple. The number of these glands differs significantly from person to person, sometimes averaging around 10 to 15 per areola, but ranging from 4 to 28 or more. They are visible primarily because the skin in these areas is thin.
Primary Functions
Montgomery glands are specialized sebaceous glands that fulfill several biological roles. They produce an oily, protective substance called sebum, which lubricates the nipple and areola. This helps keep the skin moisturized, preventing dryness, cracking, and irritation, particularly during periods of hormonal change or breastfeeding.
Beyond lubrication, the sebum also contains antibacterial compounds, offering a protective barrier against potential infection. This antimicrobial property helps maintain the health of the nipple and areola, guarding against the growth of microorganisms. The glands also contribute to maintaining a balanced pH on the skin surface.
Furthermore, Montgomery glands release volatile compounds that create a distinct scent. This odor serves as an olfactory cue, guiding newborns to the nipple for feeding. Infants respond to this scent with increased oral behaviors, such as licking and mouthing, which can aid in successful latching and breastfeeding initiation. The glands can become more noticeable during hormonal shifts, such as puberty, certain phases of the menstrual cycle, and especially during pregnancy, as the body prepares for lactation.
Common Variations and When to Seek Medical Advice
The size and visibility of Montgomery glands can naturally fluctuate. Hormonal changes associated with the menstrual cycle, puberty, pregnancy, and lactation can cause them to become more prominent. Increased visibility can even be an early sign of pregnancy. They may also appear more raised when stimulated by touch or temperature changes.
While these variations are typically harmless, certain changes warrant medical attention. If a Montgomery gland shows signs of infection, such as redness, warmth, swelling, pain, or pus discharge, consult a healthcare professional. Persistent changes, including a gland becoming unusually large, hard, or painful, should also be evaluated.
Any unusual discharge that is not the normal oily secretion, particularly if it is bloody or discolored, requires prompt medical assessment. Additionally, if there are other changes to the skin of the areola or nipple, such as dimpling, a rash, or ulceration, seeking advice from a doctor is recommended. Avoid squeezing or picking at these glands, as this can introduce bacteria and potentially lead to infection.