Forficulidae is the scientific family name for earwigs, a group of insects found in nearly every part of the world, with over 70 genera and 500 described species. These common insects belong to the order Dermaptera. While some species, like the European earwig (Forficula auricularia), are more prevalent in certain regions, earwigs inhabit diverse environments globally.
Distinctive Physical Features
Forficulidae are recognized by their flattened, elongated bodies, which are brown to reddish-brown. Adult European earwigs measure about 12-15 mm in length, excluding their cerci. Their antennae are slender and beaded, consisting of 11 to 14 segments.
The most notable feature of Forficulidae is the pair of pincer-like appendages, called cerci, located at the rear of their abdomen. These cerci vary between sexes; males have larger, more curved cerci, while females possess straighter, more slender cerci. These structures are primarily used for defense, grasping prey, and in courtship displays.
Most species within this family possess two pairs of wings, though they are rarely observed flying. The forewings are short and hardened, covering the larger, fan-shaped hindwings that are intricately folded beneath them. Despite having wings, these insects primarily move by crawling.
Natural Habitats and Behaviors
Forficulidae prefer damp, dark, and cool environments, often found under rocks, logs, leaf litter, and in soil. As nocturnal insects, they are most active during the night, foraging for food. During the day, they seek shelter in crevices or secluded spots to avoid light and predators.
These earwigs are omnivores, feeding on a varied diet that includes decaying organic matter, small insects like aphids, and plant material. Stomach content analyses show they consume both plant and animal matter.
A unique aspect of their behavior is maternal care, which is uncommon among insects. Female earwigs exhibit sub-social behavior, guarding their eggs and newly hatched nymphs. The mother will clean and move the eggs to prevent mold, and after hatching, she may provide food to her young for about two weeks.
Forficulidae and Human Environments
Forficulidae enter human homes in search of shelter, moisture, or food. They can squeeze through small cracks in foundations, gaps around windows and doors, or damaged siding. Basements, crawlspaces, and bathrooms, with their higher humidity, are particularly attractive to these insects.
A common misconception is that earwigs will crawl into human ears, but this is a myth with no scientific basis. Their name, derived from a European myth, does not reflect their actual behavior. Earwigs avoid humans and do not seek out ears.
These insects are harmless to humans; they do not transmit diseases, and their mouths are too small to bite. While their pincers might look intimidating, a pinch is mild and unlikely to break the skin, used only if they feel threatened. Although large numbers can be a nuisance, they are not considered destructive pests to homes or structures. To manage their presence indoors, reducing moisture around the foundation, sealing entry points, and removing organic debris near the home can help deter them.