Compression clothing applies controlled pressure to the body, typically over the limbs. These garments are constructed with specialized materials that exert an external squeeze, supporting underlying tissues. The primary goal of this constant pressure is to encourage efficient circulation and provide stability to the muscles. This mechanism benefits both athletes optimizing performance and individuals managing various circulatory conditions.
How Compression Garments Work
The garments apply mechanical pressure to the surface veins and muscles. This external squeeze gently reduces the diameter of the superficial veins, which increases the velocity of blood flow within those vessels. By making the veins narrower, the clothing helps the body’s natural muscle pump move blood back toward the heart. This enhanced process, known as venous return, prevents blood from pooling in the extremities.
The applied pressure stabilizes the soft tissue surrounding the muscles. This support minimizes the minor vibrations, or oscillation, that muscles experience during movement. Stabilizing the muscle tissue helps to conserve energy and may reduce the risk of micro-trauma during intense physical activity.
Athletic Performance and Muscle Recovery
Compression clothing is used during and after exercise to improve efficiency and speed up recovery. During physical activity, the stabilization provided by the garments helps reduce muscle oscillation that occurs with repetitive impact. Minimizing this vibration may help prevent tiny tears in muscle fibers, which are a common source of post-exercise pain.
Following intense exercise, compression aids recovery by enhancing the removal of metabolic waste products, such as lactate. The improved blood flow helps flush these byproducts more quickly, which reduces the severity and duration of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS). This accelerated recovery allows for more consistent training and a quicker return to peak performance.
Therapeutic Applications for Circulation
Compression garments have clinical applications for managing poor circulation and fluid retention. The consistent external pressure is a standard treatment for chronic venous insufficiency. By supporting the veins, the garments help maintain proper valve function and prevent blood from flowing backward.
Compression is widely used to prevent Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein. This is relevant for individuals who are sedentary for long periods, such as during long-haul flights or following surgery. The pressure helps maintain continuous blood flow, lowering the risk of clot formation.
Compression is an established method for managing edema and lymphedema by preventing the buildup of excess fluid in the tissues. The pressure facilitates lymphatic drainage, helping to move stagnant fluid out of the affected limb. This reduces swelling and discomfort associated with these conditions.
Understanding Pressure Levels and Fit
The amount of pressure exerted is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Garments with lower pressure levels (15–20 mmHg) are often available over-the-counter for general use, such as reducing everyday leg fatigue or minor swelling. Higher pressure levels (20–30 mmHg and above) are considered medical-grade and are prescribed by a doctor to treat serious conditions like severe varicose veins or post-thrombotic syndrome.
Proper fit is essential for a garment to be effective and comfortable. The most beneficial compression garments utilize a gradient pressure design. This means the fabric is tightest at the extremity, such as the ankle, and gradually becomes looser toward the torso. This gradient ensures that blood and fluids are mechanically pushed upward, maximizing circulation and preventing fluid pooling.