Cannabigerol (CBG) is a naturally occurring cannabinoid found in cannabis and hemp plants. It is non-intoxicating, meaning it does not produce the “high” associated with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). CBG is often called the “mother cannabinoid” because other major cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and THC, are derived from its acidic precursor, cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). Understanding CBG levels in products helps consumers find desired effects.
Origin of CBG Levels
CBG originates from a biosynthetic pathway within the cannabis plant, beginning with cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). Enzymes within the plant convert CBGA into various other acidic forms, such as tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), during the plant’s growth cycle.
Environmental factors like light and temperature influence CBG concentration in the plant. Genetic factors, including the specific strain and plant age, also determine CBG levels. In most mature cannabis plants, only a small percentage, typically around 1% of total cannabinoid content, remains as CBG, as most CBGA converts into other cannabinoids. Younger cannabis plants often have higher CBG concentrations because less time has passed for CBGA conversion.
Understanding CBG Levels in Products
Determining the precise CBG levels in commercial products primarily relies on third-party laboratory testing. These specialized labs employ analytical techniques like High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to accurately identify and quantify cannabinoids present in a sample. HPLC separates the individual cannabinoid compounds, allowing for precise measurement of their concentrations.
Product labels typically display CBG levels in various formats, such as a percentage by weight, milligrams per serving, or total milligrams per container. For example, a product might state “5% CBG” or “25mg CBG per serving.” Consumers should look for a Certificate of Analysis (CoA) to verify these stated levels. CoAs are official documents from third-party labs detailing the cannabinoid profile and potency. The CoA also confirms the product is free from harmful contaminants like heavy metals or pesticides.
When reviewing a CoA, consumers should confirm the testing laboratory is independent and has no financial affiliation with the manufacturer, ensuring objective results. The CoA should clearly list cannabinoid concentrations, including CBG, often showing “ND” for “non-detect” if a cannabinoid is absent or below the detection limit. Matching the product’s batch number to the CoA is also a good practice to ensure the report corresponds to the specific item purchased.
Impact of CBG Levels on Effects
CBG interacts with the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS), a complex network of receptors and molecules that helps regulate various physiological processes. This interaction occurs through binding with cannabinoid receptors, specifically CB1 and CB2 receptors, though CBG exhibits a relatively weak affinity for CB1 receptors. CB1 receptors are primarily located in the central nervous system, while CB2 receptors are found more abundantly in immune cells and peripheral tissues.
Beyond CB1 and CB2 receptors, CBG also interacts with other non-cannabinoid receptors, such as transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and 5-HT1A serotonin receptors. TRPV1 receptors are involved in pain perception and inflammation, while 5-HT1A receptors play a role in mood regulation. CBG’s concentration is thought to contribute to potential impacts, including anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antibacterial properties. Research suggests CBG may reduce inflammation by affecting nitric oxide production and modulating anti-inflammatory cytokines.