Arsenic nails refer to specific changes in fingernails and toenails that can signal arsenic poisoning. Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that can be highly toxic in its inorganic form. When the body is exposed to elevated levels of arsenic, these nail alterations indicate a serious health concern requiring prompt medical attention.
Recognizing Nail Changes
One noticeable sign of arsenic exposure on the nails is Mees’ lines, also known as transverse leukonychia. These are horizontal white bands across the nail plate, parallel to the lunula, the crescent-shaped white area at the base of the nail. Mees’ lines result from a temporary disruption in nail growth and do not cause ridges or depressions. As the nail grows, these lines move outward, helping healthcare professionals estimate the approximate time of exposure based on their position from the cuticle.
Another nail abnormality is Beau’s lines, horizontal indentations or ridges across the nail. While Beau’s lines can result from various illnesses or injuries, their presence with other symptoms might suggest arsenic exposure. Chronic arsenic poisoning can also lead to nail changes like thickening of the nail plate and increased brittleness.
Common Arsenic Exposure Sources
The most common way people are exposed to arsenic is through contaminated drinking water, particularly from groundwater sources like wells. Arsenic can leach into these water supplies from naturally occurring geological formations or from industrial and agricultural runoff.
Certain foods also contribute to arsenic exposure, with rice and some seafood being notable examples. Rice is of particular concern globally because it absorbs arsenic from contaminated soil and water more readily than other crops, and it forms a dietary staple for many populations. Occupational settings, such as mining, smelting, glass production, and the manufacturing of pesticides or wood preservatives, are additional sources where individuals may encounter higher levels of arsenic.
Wider Health Consequences
Chronic arsenic exposure affects various bodily systems beyond just the nails. The skin is frequently impacted, showing signs like hyperpigmentation (darkening of the skin) and the development of lesions or “corns” and “warts,” particularly on the palms and soles. The nervous system can also suffer, leading to peripheral neuropathy, characterized by a “pins and needles” sensation in the hands and feet.
Long-term arsenic intake is linked to increased risks of several cancers, including skin, lung, and bladder cancer, with reported associations with liver and prostate cancer. Cardiovascular issues, such as heart disease and abnormal heart rhythms, have also been associated with chronic arsenic exposure. Impacts on the gastrointestinal tract, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, can also occur.
What to Do About Exposure
If you suspect arsenic exposure, seeking medical advice promptly is important. A healthcare professional can properly diagnose the condition and determine the extent of exposure. Diagnosis often involves specific tests, such as urine analysis for recent exposure, or blood, hair, and fingernail tests for long-term exposure over several months.
Treatment primarily focuses on removing the source of arsenic exposure. Supportive care is also provided to manage symptoms. Chelation therapy, using medications to bind with arsenic and help the body excrete it, may be considered in acute poisoning. To prevent future exposure, practical steps include testing well water for arsenic levels, especially in contaminated areas. Dietary adjustments, such as reducing consumption of foods known to contain higher arsenic, and adhering to workplace safety guidelines in relevant industries, can also help minimize risk.