Dentures are removable appliances designed to replace missing teeth and the surrounding gum tissue. They restore a person’s ability to chew food, speak clearly, and support facial structure. Acrylic dentures represent the most common and cost-effective solution for tooth replacement. Understanding their composition and care is essential for managing tooth loss.
Material Composition and Application
The foundation of an acrylic denture is primarily composed of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin. This plastic is highly favored in dentistry due to its balance of performance and affordability. PMMA is biocompatible, meaning it is safely tolerated by the human body and does not cause irritation.
The material is easily molded and cured, allowing dental laboratories to create a precise fit that conforms to the contours of the mouth. Its aesthetic quality is high, as the resin can be tinted to closely match the natural pink color of gum tissue. PMMA also possesses a low density, resulting in a lightweight final appliance that is comfortable for the wearer. The artificial teeth, which are typically made of acrylic resin or sometimes porcelain, are chemically bonded to this base structure.
While acrylic is an excellent material for mimicking natural gum and tooth appearance, it does have specific mechanical limitations. The material can be brittle and has relatively poor impact strength, making the appliance susceptible to fracture if dropped onto a hard surface. Furthermore, PMMA is porous and can absorb water and oral fluids, which necessitates consistent and proper cleaning to prevent staining and the buildup of bacteria.
Different Types of Acrylic Appliances
Acrylic resin is used to fabricate several types of tooth replacement appliances. Complete dentures, often called full dentures, replace all teeth in a single arch. These are constructed entirely from acrylic and rely on a precise fit, creating suction against the gums and palate to remain securely in place.
Partial dentures are designed for patients who still have some natural teeth remaining. The acrylic base holds the replacement teeth and is secured in the mouth by utilizing the existing natural teeth for support. These appliances often incorporate small clasps, which may be made of metal or flexible acrylic, that wrap around the adjacent natural teeth to hold the denture firmly.
A third major category is the immediate denture, which is an appliance placed into the mouth immediately following the extraction of remaining teeth. These are considered temporary solutions because the jawbone and gum tissue change shape rapidly after teeth are removed. As the mouth heals, the immediate denture will quickly become loose and requires relining or replacement with a conventional acrylic denture a few months later.
Essential Maintenance and Lifespan
Proper daily care is necessary to maintain the fit, function, and appearance of an acrylic denture. They should be removed and rinsed after eating to eliminate food debris. Use a soft-bristled denture brush and mild, non-abrasive soap or specialized cleaner for thorough cleaning. Regular toothpaste is too abrasive and can scratch the acrylic surface, leading to greater plaque accumulation.
Acrylic material must be kept moist to prevent it from drying out, warping, or cracking. When the denture is not being worn, typically overnight, it should be stored in water or a dedicated denture-soaking solution. It is also important to handle the appliance with care, avoiding hot water which can cause distortion, and ensuring they are not dropped, as the material is prone to breakage from impact.
Even with diligent maintenance, acrylic dentures typically last between five and seven years. Replacement is necessary due to continuous changes in the mouth, particularly bone resorption. This is the gradual shrinking of the jawbone after tooth loss, which causes the denture to become progressively ill-fitting and loose. Regular check-ups are necessary for adjustments, such as relining the base, to ensure the appliance remains comfortable and functional.