Ghana, located on the West African coast, harbors a remarkable array of animal life supported by a varied geographic landscape. Ecosystems range from dense tropical rainforests in the south to expansive savannas in the north, creating diverse habitats. This biodiversity includes hundreds of species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Ghana’s distinct ecological zones are home to approximately 225 mammalian species and over 720 bird species, making it a significant area for West African wildlife.
Fauna of the Tropical Rainforests
The high forest zone, concentrated in the southwestern and central parts of Ghana, is characterized by a humid, multi-layered canopy that shelters specialized fauna. The African forest elephant, a smaller subspecies, navigates the thick undergrowth, contrasting with its larger savanna relatives. The forest canopy is populated by numerous primates, including the Diana monkey and the black-and-white colobus monkey, which use the high branches for movement and feeding.
These deep forests also protect unique ground-dwelling species, such as the yellow-backed duiker and Maxwell’s duiker, small forest antelopes adapted to the dense vegetation. Birdlife is abundant, with species like the African grey parrot and the yellow-casqued hornbill. The western chimpanzee also resides here, underscoring the ecological importance of Ghana’s tropical forests as a refuge for threatened West African species.
Wildlife of the Savanna and Grasslands
The northern two-thirds of Ghana are dominated by the drier Guinea savanna and grasslands, featuring open woodlands and tall grasses. This landscape supports large terrestrial mammals adapted to grazing and seasonal movements, particularly around water sources. The African bush elephant, distinct from the forest variety, roams these plains in search of forage and water.
Antelope species thrive here, including the roan antelope and the kob, which forms large herds in the open areas. Other large herbivores common to the savanna include the African buffalo, warthogs, and the waterbuck, typically found near rivers and watering holes. Large predators such as the lion, leopard, and spotted hyena are still present in localized populations, though they remain elusive.
Coastal and Aquatic Fauna
Ghana’s coastline, estuaries, and major river systems, such as the Volta River, provide habitats for a variety of aquatic and coastal wildlife. The sandy beaches along the Gulf of Guinea are recognized as nesting sites for several species of marine turtles. These include the endangered Leatherback, Green, and Olive Ridley turtles, which migrate to lay their eggs on the shore.
The brackish water systems of coastal lagoons and estuaries are home to the vulnerable West African manatee, which feeds on vegetation in these sheltered areas. Major rivers and their tributaries host reptiles like crocodiles, including the slender-snouted and dwarf crocodile species. These aquatic environments also attract a diverse array of waterbirds, such as herons, egrets, and migratory waders.
Key Conservation Areas
Conservation efforts in Ghana focus on protected areas that safeguard significant ecosystems and species populations. Mole National Park, located in the northern savanna, is the largest protected area and a refuge for large mammals. It is the best place to observe species like the elephant, kob, and waterbuck in their natural savanna environment.
In the southern forest zone, Kakum National Park protects a tract of moist evergreen forest. This park is famous for its canopy walkway, which allows visitors to view the upper forest layers, a habitat for rare primates and numerous bird species. These national parks and other reserves, such as Ankasa Conservation Area, are central to preserving Ghana’s unique biodiversity against threats like habitat loss and overhunting.