Finland’s expansive forests, numerous lakes, extensive coastline, and unique fells create diverse habitats for a wide variety of animal species. This article explores the animals that inhabit Finland, from its large mammals to its smallest invertebrates, showcasing the country’s biodiversity.
Large Mammals and Iconic Species
Finland’s wilderness is home to several large mammal species. Brown bears (Ursus arctos) are found throughout Finland, with largest populations in the eastern and northern regions. These omnivores, estimated at over 1,800 individuals, primarily inhabit conifer forests and hibernate during colder months.
Grey wolves (Canis lupus) roam central and western Finland, preying mainly on ungulates like moose and smaller animals. Wolverines (Gulo gulo), solitary carnivores, are predominantly found in the northern and eastern parts of the country, also recolonizing southern Finland. This species, with an estimated population of about 400 individuals, is listed as critically endangered in Finland.
The Saimaa Ringed Seal (Pusa hispida saimensis) is an endangered aquatic species found exclusively in Lake Saimaa. Conservation efforts have helped their numbers rise to over 400, making them the rarest seal in the world. Moose (Alces alces) inhabit Finland’s forests, serving as a primary food source for predators like wolves.
Avian Diversity
Finland’s varied landscapes provide breeding grounds for a rich array of bird species, both resident and migratory. The Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus), Finland’s national bird, is found across the country, breeding in marshy ponds and lake bays. These large white birds feed on aquatic plants, small invertebrates, berries, and seeds, migrating to warmer regions for winter.
The White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) has made a significant comeback due to conservation efforts and is now a common sight over the Baltic Sea. Another raptor, the Great Grey Owl (Strix nebulosa), one of Europe’s largest owls, inhabits central and northern Finland. These owls prefer old conifer and mixed forests, using exceptional hearing to detect rodents even under deep snow.
Forest birds like the Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), the largest member of the grouse family, inhabit Finland’s forests. They prefer old conifer forests with bilberry undergrowth, feeding on pine needles in winter and a varied diet of shoots, buds, seeds, and berries in other seasons. Young capercaillie chicks rely on invertebrates.
Aquatic Ecosystems
Finland’s inland waters and Baltic Sea coastline support a diverse aquatic fauna. The country’s lakes and rivers are home to numerous fish species, including the common perch (Perca fluviatilis). Found in nearly all freshwater bodies and coastal areas, perch can reach up to 50 centimeters and feed on worms, insect larvae, and smaller fish.
Pike (Esox lucius) are another common game species found in lakes and coastal waters. Salmon (Salmo salar) populations thrive, with wild Atlantic salmon present in northern rivers. Landlocked salmon are also prized catches in major Finnish lakes. Whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) are widespread in cool, oxygen-rich freshwaters and all sea areas, feeding on benthic invertebrates, plankton, surface insects, and small fish fry.
Smaller Wildlife and Terrestrial Invertebrates
Beyond larger animals, Finland’s ecosystems teem with smaller wildlife and terrestrial invertebrates. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are common predators across the Finnish landscape. Hares are also present, serving as a food source for various predators. Rodents, including voles, are a fundamental part of the food web, providing sustenance for many birds of prey and carnivores.
Among reptiles, the common viper (Vipera berus) is Finland’s only venomous snake, found almost nationwide, even north of the Arctic Circle. These snakes, which can grow up to 90 cm, inhabit woodlands, heathlands, and moorlands, feeding on small mammals, birds, lizards, and amphibians.
The viviparous lizard (Zootoca vivipara) is another reptile found throughout Finland, noted for giving birth to live young, an adaptation aiding survival in colder northern climates. These lizards are carnivorous, feeding on insects and other invertebrates. The common frog (Rana temporaria) is the most widespread amphibian, living in diverse habitats with stagnant water and feeding on earthworms, snails, insects, and spiders.
Invertebrates play a crucial role in Finland’s ecosystems. Many mosquito species (Culicidae) are found, particularly abundant in moist environments during summer. Mosquito larvae serve as food for aquatic animals, and adults provide sustenance for birds and other insects. Finland also hosts a diverse array of butterflies, inhabiting various ecosystems from gardens to peatlands.
Protecting Finland’s Wildlife
Finland is committed to safeguarding its rich wildlife through various conservation initiatives and protected areas. The country has established an extensive network of national parks and other protected sites, which serve as sanctuaries for numerous species and their habitats. These protected areas are vital for maintaining biodiversity and supporting healthy animal populations.
Conservation efforts have yielded success stories, such as the recovery of the Whooper Swan and the White-tailed Eagle, both of which faced population declines in the past. Organizations like WWF Finland actively work to conserve endangered species, including the Saimaa Ringed Seal and the wolverine, and promote sustainable forestry practices. Research efforts and sustainable management practices are integrated into conservation strategies, aiming to ensure the long-term coexistence of human society and Finland’s diverse animal inhabitants.