When discussing animals that “hunt” humans, true predation, where humans are intentionally sought as food, is exceedingly rare. Most animal attacks are not predatory. Instead, these encounters typically stem from defensive behaviors, territorial disputes, or opportunistic circumstances.
Animals That Predate Humans
Some apex predators view humans as potential prey. Large cats such as tigers and lions can predate humans. Tigers have been responsible for significant human fatalities, particularly where their habitats overlap with human populations. Instances of lions preying on humans have also occurred, often linked to specific circumstances like injury, old age, or extreme hunger.
Crocodilians, like saltwater and Nile crocodiles, are among the most likely reptiles to target humans. These powerful ambush predators can kill hundreds annually, particularly in aquatic environments where humans are vulnerable while fishing, swimming, or performing daily chores. Polar bears, particularly young or undernourished individuals, actively hunt humans for food. Shark attacks are typically not predatory; great white, tiger, bull, and oceanic whitetip sharks may occasionally bite humans, but these are often investigative or mistaken identity events.
Animals That Attack Defensively or Territorially
Many animal attacks on humans arise from perceived threats, rather than predatory intent. Large herbivores, despite their plant-based diets, can be dangerous when cornered, protecting young, or defending territory. Elephants, for instance, are highly protective of their calves and herds, and any perceived danger can trigger a defensive charge. Male elephants in a state called musth, characterized by heightened testosterone, can also exhibit unpredictable and aggressive behavior.
Hippos are highly territorial, particularly around watering holes. They attack boats and individuals intruding into their aquatic domains; females become especially aggressive when protecting young. Hippos can move surprisingly fast on land, reaching speeds of up to 19 miles per hour, making escape difficult. Rhinoceroses and Cape buffalo are known for formidable defensive charges, driven by powerful build and aggressive reactions to perceived threats. Human encroachment into these animals’ habitats often increases the frequency of such defensive encounters.
Opportunistic Encounters with Animals
Opportunistic animal attacks occur when animals become habituated to human presence or food sources. This alters their natural behaviors, leading them to approach humans. Feral dogs, for example, can form packs that pose a threat, particularly to vulnerable individuals. These attacks often result from dogs losing fear of humans due to reliance on human-provided food or waste.
Coyotes in urban and suburban areas, while generally shy, have shown an increasing number of attacks, some classified as predatory or investigative, especially towards children. This behavior can stem from habituation, where coyotes associate humans with food. Hyenas, both spotted and striped, are powerful carnivores that attack humans, particularly when food is scarce or encountering vulnerable individuals. These encounters highlight how human activities, such as improper waste disposal or habitat alteration, can inadvertently draw animals into closer, sometimes dangerous, proximity.
Minimizing Risk in Wildlife Encounters
To reduce dangerous animal encounters, maintain awareness and respect wildlife boundaries. Always keep a safe distance from animals; the National Park Service recommends staying at least 100 yards from large mammals like bears and wolves, and 25 yards from other wildlife. Never feed wild animals, as this habituates them to humans and can lead to aggressive begging or opportunistic attacks. Proper food storage in wilderness areas, such as using bear canisters or hanging food, is also essential to prevent attracting animals.
When hiking, make noise to alert animals to your presence, reducing surprise encounters. Avoid hiking at dawn or dusk, as many animals are most active during these times. If an encounter occurs, remain calm and avoid sudden movements or running, which can trigger a chase response. Instead, make yourself appear larger by raising your arms and speak in a firm voice while slowly backing away. Carrying bear spray, an effective deterrent for most mammals, can also provide a layer of protection in close-range aggressive encounters.