The spotted lanternfly (SLF), Lycorma delicatula, is an invasive planthopper from China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, first detected in the United States in Pennsylvania in 2014, likely arriving via international shipments. Since then, this pest has spread across at least 18 states, causing significant damage to various agricultural crops and trees. Feeding on the sap of over 70 plant species, including grapes and fruit trees, spotted lanternflies weaken plants, potentially reducing yields or causing death. Their feeding also produces “honeydew,” a sticky excrement that attracts other insects and promotes sooty mold growth, further harming plants. Understanding which animals consume these insects is important for developing strategies to manage their populations.
Animals That Consume Lanternflies
Many North American animals consume spotted lanternflies opportunistically. Birds are among the most frequently reported predators. Chickens actively seek and eat lanternflies, proving effective in farm settings. Other bird species, including Northern Cardinals, Gray Catbirds, Blue Jays, Tufted Titmice, woodpeckers, and house wrens, also feed on them.
Various insects and arthropods also prey on spotted lanternflies. Praying mantises (Carolina and Chinese species) consume lanternflies at all life stages, while spiders (garden and orb-weavers) catch them in webs or ambush them. Assassin bugs, particularly wheel bugs and spined soldier bugs, use their piercing mouthparts to feed on lanternflies. Yellow jackets and ants also prey on lanternfly nymphs and eggs.
Beyond birds and insects, some other animals have been noted consuming spotted lanternflies. Small mammals like squirrels and opossums have been reported to eat them. Garter snakes have also been known to consume spotted lanternflies. Even aquatic animals like koi and goldfish have been listed among the observed predators.
The Ecological Context of Predation
Despite the variety of animals that consume spotted lanternflies, existing natural predators in invaded regions are not sufficient to control widespread populations. In their native range in Asia, specific natural enemies, such as parasitic wasps like Anastatus orientalis and Dryinus browni, regulate lanternfly populations by laying eggs inside lanternfly eggs or nymphs. These specialized predators are largely absent in North America, allowing lanternfly populations to expand unchecked.
Most animals eating spotted lanternflies in invaded territories are generalist predators. Lanternflies constitute only a small part of their diet, as these predators do not specialize in consuming them enough for significant population control. While they contribute to some reduction in numbers, their generalist feeding habits prevent them from exerting sufficient pressure to suppress large infestations.
An additional factor limiting widespread predation is the unpalatability or mild toxicity of spotted lanternflies. When lanternflies feed on their preferred host, the invasive tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), they can sequester bitter-tasting chemical compounds from the tree. This can make them unappealing to some predators, further limiting consumption by native wildlife.
Fostering Local Predators
Supporting existing generalist predators can contribute to spotted lanternfly management, even if they do not provide complete control. Creating and maintaining diverse habitats encourages the presence of birds, beneficial insects, and other wildlife that may feed on lanternflies. This can involve planting native species, which provides food and shelter for a variety of animals, thereby enhancing biodiversity.
Avoiding the use of broad-spectrum insecticides is also important. These chemicals can harm beneficial insects and other potential lanternfly predators, disrupting the natural balance of the ecosystem. Using targeted pest management strategies instead helps protect these helpful organisms.
Reporting spotted lanternfly sightings to local agricultural offices or state departments of agriculture is another way individuals can help. While some states no longer require reports once populations are widespread, early detection in new areas remains important for tracking their spread and informing broader management efforts. This community science approach aids researchers.