Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) is a common plant found across North America, from eastern areas to the Midwest and South, with some populations in the far West where it was introduced. This herbaceous perennial can reach heights of up to 10 feet tall. It is recognized by stout, smooth stems that turn purplish-red as they mature. Its appearance includes large, simple leaves and berry clusters that ripen from green to dark purple or nearly black.
Wildlife That Safely Consumes Pokeweed
Many wildlife species consume parts of the pokeweed plant without apparent harm, particularly its mature berries. Many bird species feed on the berries, including:
- American robins
- Northern mockingbirds
- Cedar waxwings
- Gray catbirds
- Northern cardinals
- Mourning doves
- Flickers
- Red-bellied woodpeckers
- Bluebirds
Their consumption plays a significant role in dispersing pokeweed seeds across landscapes, explaining its appearance in new areas.
Certain mammals also tolerate pokeweed, incorporating its berries or leaves into their diets. Raccoons, opossums, gray foxes, red foxes, white-footed mice, squirrels, and black bears are among the mammals that may safely consume pokeweed. These animals possess adaptations that allow them to process the plant’s compounds without adverse effects.
Factors Influencing Pokeweed Consumption and Tolerance
The toxicity of pokeweed varies depending on the plant part and its maturity. The roots are the most poisonous, followed by the leaves and stems, while the mature, dark purple berries are generally the least toxic part. Tolerant animals often consume only specific parts, like ripe berries, or have mechanisms to neutralize the toxic compounds. The plant contains various toxins, including saponins, phytolaccatoxin, and oxalates, which can irritate the gastrointestinal tract.
Animals that safely consume pokeweed possess physiological adaptations that allow them to detoxify these compounds. Birds, for instance, are largely unaffected by berry toxins, allowing them to digest the fruit and disperse seeds through their droppings. The quantity consumed also influences the outcome; even tolerant animals could experience issues if they ingest large amounts or more toxic parts like roots. The plant generally becomes more toxic as it matures, though green berries are dangerous.
Animals Susceptible to Pokeweed Poisoning
While some wildlife tolerates it, pokeweed is toxic to many domestic animals and livestock. Cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs are vulnerable to pokeweed poisoning, with swine being particularly affected because they often root out and consume the more toxic roots. Dogs and cats are also susceptible to adverse effects from ingesting any part of the plant, including leaves, stems, roots, and berries.
Symptoms often include gastrointestinal distress such as vomiting, diarrhea (sometimes bloody), abdominal pain, and excessive salivation. More severe cases can lead to lethargy, tremors, convulsions, low blood pressure, and respiratory issues. In rare instances, particularly with large quantities or highly toxic parts, poisoning can be fatal. Preventing access to pokeweed is important for domestic animals and livestock.