Lantana, a popular garden plant, is known for its vibrant, colorful flowers and resilience, including drought tolerance. Its clusters of small, tubular blooms often change color as they mature, making it a favored choice for gardeners. However, its interactions with local fauna warrant closer examination.
Understanding Lantana’s Toxicity
Lantana contains toxic compounds, primarily pentacyclic triterpenoids like lantadene A and B. These toxins are present in all parts of the plant, including leaves, stems, and flowers. Unripe berries are especially dangerous due to their higher concentration. Toxicity varies by lantana species, plant part consumed, and berry ripeness.
Animals That Consume Lantana
Some animals interact with lantana, often with specific adaptations. Pollinators like bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds are drawn to its vibrant flowers for nectar and are generally not harmed by the plant’s toxins. Certain insects, such as moth and butterfly larvae, have evolved to feed on lantana, sometimes utilizing its toxic compounds for defense. Birds, including mockingbirds, may consume ripe lantana berries; while generally less affected than mammals, these can be mildly toxic to certain bird species, with red-flowered varieties being more poisonous.
Consumption by mammals presents a greater risk. Livestock, including cattle, sheep, goats, and horses, are susceptible to lantana poisoning. Pets like dogs, cats, guinea pigs, and rabbits are also at risk if they ingest any part of the plant. Young or unfamiliar animals are more vulnerable as they may consume larger quantities.
Animals That Generally Avoid Lantana
Many common garden herbivores avoid lantana due to its unpalatability and toxic properties. Deer and rabbits, for instance, consider lantana “deer-resistant” and “rabbit-resistant.” This avoidance is attributed to the plant’s rough leaves, pungent smell, and bitter taste, which deter grazing. Lantana is generally not a preferred food source for these animals, even if sampled during food scarcity.
Recognizing Poisoning Symptoms
Symptoms of lantana poisoning vary by animal and amount consumed. In livestock (cattle, sheep, goats), signs include photosensitivity (skin lesions, blistering, swelling on unpigmented areas). Liver damage, evidenced by jaundice (yellowing of eyes, gums, or skin), is a common symptom. Gastrointestinal upset, including loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation, often occurs. Lethargy, weakness, and depression are also observed in affected animals.
Protecting Animals from Lantana
To prevent animals from consuming lantana, consider its garden placement. For pets, avoid planting lantana in easily accessible areas, or use physical barriers like fences or raised beds. For livestock, remove lantana from pastures, particularly when introducing new animals or during droughts. Proper disposal of trimmings is also important to prevent accidental ingestion. If you suspect an animal has ingested lantana, seek immediate veterinary attention.