The brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa, is a small spider known for its violin-shaped marking on its back and its reclusive nature, often seeking shelter in dark, undisturbed areas. These spiders are primarily found in the South and Central United States. While they are not aggressive, they will bite if they feel threatened, and their venom can cause skin lesions. Understanding the natural predators of the brown recluse helps illustrate its position within its ecosystem.
Other Arachnids and Predatory Insects
Cellar spiders, often mistaken for brown recluses due to their pale color and long legs, are known to hunt and consume brown recluses. These common house spiders, Pholcus phalangioides, are predatory and will feed on other spiders and insects that become entangled in their webs, even those much larger than themselves. They can even enter other spiders’ webs, mimicking trapped prey to lure and then capture the host spider.
Centipedes, particularly house centipedes (Scutigera coleoptrata), are effective predators of brown recluse spiders. These carnivorous arthropods actively hunt and consume a variety of insects and arachnids, including spiders. Praying mantises and crickets are also among the insects that prey on brown recluse spiders. Additionally, some types of spider wasps are known to target and prey on brown recluse spiders.
Mammals and Birds
Shrews, known for their high metabolism and voracious appetites, consume a variety of invertebrates, including spiders. These insectivorous mammals actively hunt for their prey in leaf litter and other ground cover, where brown recluses might be found. Mice, although generally preferring plant-based foods, are opportunistic omnivores that will also eat spiders when available.
Species such as wrens, robins, blue jays, and blackbirds are known to consume spiders. These birds forage in various habitats, including ground areas, shrubs, and trees, where brown recluse spiders may reside. Owls, particularly smaller species, also opportunistically hunt spiders, though they may not be a primary food source.
Reptiles and Amphibians
Lizards, including geckos, anoles, and skinks, are insectivorous and will opportunistically feed on spiders. Some lizard species, such as the Southern alligator lizard, are known for their ability to prey on venomous spiders. While direct documentation on their predation of brown recluses is less common, it is plausible that these lizards would consume them if encountered.
Toads and frogs, as opportunistic feeders with sticky tongues, include spiders in their diverse diets. Frogs have strong digestive systems that can neutralize various venoms, including that of the brown recluse. Although encounters between frogs and brown recluse spiders are relatively uncommon due to their differing habitat preferences, frogs are capable of consuming them.