Barley is a widely cultivated cereal grain used globally in animal feed. Valued for its nutritional content, it provides an energy source for many animals. Its widespread availability and adaptability contribute to its common use in agricultural and natural settings.
Nutritional Profile of Barley
Barley offers a strong nutritional profile for animals, containing carbohydrates, protein, and fiber. It typically has about 60% starch, which functions as a primary energy source. Protein levels range from 7.5% to 18% on a dry matter basis, supporting growth and muscle development.
The grain also supplies dietary fiber, usually 4% to 6% crude fiber, which aids digestive health. It contains various essential minerals and vitamins. However, barley also has non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) and beta-glucans, which can impact nutrient digestibility in some species.
Barley in Livestock Diets
Barley is a common feed grain for various types of livestock. For cattle, it provides energy and protein, supporting growth and milk production. To improve digestibility, barley is often processed, such as by rolling or tempering. It should be introduced gradually to prevent digestive upset.
In swine diets, barley provides an energy source. Its higher content of digestible amino acids, especially lysine, can reduce the need for additional protein supplements. The fiber in barley can contribute to gut health and reduce gastric ulcers. Pelleting barley-based feeds further improves performance and feed utilization.
For poultry, barley is an energy source. However, its higher fiber and beta-glucan content can pose digestibility challenges, especially for younger birds. Enzyme supplementation can mitigate these issues, making it more suitable for poultry rations. Older birds and laying hens utilize barley more efficiently than young chicks.
Sheep use barley as a primary energy and protein source in their diets. Despite lower energy than corn due to fiber, barley’s starch ferments rapidly, requiring slow introduction to prevent metabolic disorders like acidosis. Sheep effectively digest whole barley grains, reducing the need for extensive processing.
Wild Animals That Consume Barley
Wild animals consume barley, especially when it is available in agricultural areas or as spilled grain. Many bird species feed on barley. This includes larger birds like pigeons, doves, quail, and partridges, which consume the grains. Smaller birds such as sparrows, finches, blackbirds, and starlings also forage in barley fields, particularly when the grain is mature.
Waterfowl, including wild ducks and geese, also consume barley, especially if it is found near water bodies or in flooded fields. Additionally, rodents like mice, voles, rabbits, and squirrels are opportunistic feeders that consume barley crops or spilled grain. They are drawn to the energy-rich seeds as a food source.
Larger wild herbivores, such as deer and wild boars, also feed on barley. They may graze on the tender, growing tops of barley plants in fields or consume the mature seeds. Their consumption is opportunistic, occurring when barley is accessible in their foraging habitats, often in agricultural areas adjacent to their natural environments.