The term “native species” refers to organisms that have occurred in a specific region naturally, without human intervention, since before European settlement significantly altered North American ecosystems. Ohio’s geographical position in the Midwest, linking the Northeast and the central plains, gives it a varied climate and diverse landscape. The state’s four distinct seasons and transition zones between eastern forests and midwestern prairies contribute to a rich biodiversity, hosting hundreds of animal species. Understanding native animals involves looking at species that have continuously maintained their populations within the state’s boundaries for centuries.
Common Mammals and Terrestrial Species
Ohio is home to approximately 65 native mammal species. The White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is the state’s most numerous large mammal and is easily found across various habitats, including suburban areas. These deer have lived in the region since the last Ice Age and remain a foundational species in the ecosystem.
Larger carnivores have also made a return, with the American Black Bear (Ursus americanus) slowly expanding its population from neighboring states into Ohio. Confirmed sightings are increasing, primarily in the forested, unglaciated regions of the state. Other medium-sized mammals adaptable to human presence include the Raccoon and the Virginia Opossum, which is North America’s only native marsupial.
Smaller species include the Eastern Grey Squirrel and the Eastern Cottontail rabbit, both common in Ohio’s woodlands and fields. The American Beaver (Castor canadensis) and the River Otter (Lontra canadensis) are semi-aquatic mammals that have successfully rebounded due to conservation efforts. The coyote (Canis latrans) and the bobcat (Lynx rufus) are also native carnivores.
Avian and Herpetological Residents
Ohio is a haven for birds, with over 200 species documented as breeding within the state’s boundaries. The Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) is a recognizable resident, known for its bright red plumage and is a common sight year-round. Raptors like the Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) are also common, soaring over open fields and forests.
The state’s forests support numerous species of Woodpeckers, including the Red-bellied and the Pileated Woodpecker, which excavate tree cavities for nesting and feeding. Wetlands and riparian zones are home to species like the Red-winged Blackbird and various waterfowl; the tundra swan is the only native swan found in the state. Ohio’s position along major migratory routes supports this variety of avian life, with many species passing through or breeding here.
Native herpetofauna includes approximately 39 species of amphibians and 45 species of snakes. Amphibians, such as the Spotted Salamander and various frogs and toads, rely on clean water sources, often migrating to breeding ponds in early spring. The Eastern Box Turtle and the large Snapping Turtle are two of the 12 native turtle species found in Ohio. Only three snake species in Ohio are venomous—the Northern Copperhead, the Eastern Massasauga, and the Timber Rattlesnake—while the majority are harmless and beneficial.
The Role of Ohio’s Diverse Ecosystems
Ohio’s natural landscape is divided into distinct ecosystems that dictate where native wildlife can thrive. The state’s geography is characterized by the glaciated Till Plains in the west and the unglaciated Appalachian Plateau in the east, creating varied habitats. Deciduous Forests, once covering nearly all of Ohio, are primarily composed of hardwoods like oak, maple, and hickory, supporting a large portion of the state’s biodiversity. Forest-dwelling animals like the White-tailed Deer and Black Bear are concentrated in these wooded areas, especially in the Appalachian Plateau.
Wetlands and Riparian Zones, including the Lake Erie coastal marshes and river corridors, are crucial for semi-aquatic species and migratory birds. Areas such as the Maumee Bay and Killbuck Marsh provide essential feeding and resting grounds for waterfowl and are significant spawning areas for many fish species. The American Beaver and River Otter are linked to these aquatic environments, where they find food and shelter.
Prairie and Grassland remnants, though significantly reduced, are important for specialized species. These open habitats support smaller mammals, like the prairie white-footed mouse, and certain ground-nesting birds, such as the Dickcissel and Upland Sandpiper. The geology and microclimate of each ecoregion, like the sandy savannas of the Oak Openings region, determine the distribution of Ohio’s native fauna.
Protecting Native Wildlife
The Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) Division of Wildlife plays a significant role in managing and conserving the state’s native fauna. This management is guided by the State Wildlife Action Plan (SWAP), which prioritizes conservation actions for Species of Greatest Conservation Need, including over 400 species of fish, wildlife, and invertebrates. The state actively works to restore populations, such as the reintroduction of the River Otter and the Trumpeter Swan.
Major threats to native populations include the loss and fragmentation of habitat due to development and land use changes. Invasive species also pose a challenge by competing with native wildlife for resources and food. For example, non-native species introduced in the Ohio River contribute to the depletion of native fish and mussel populations. Protecting and restoring valuable habitats like forests, wetlands, and prairies are necessary steps to safeguard Ohio’s biodiversity.