Ohio’s varied landscapes, including forests, rivers, wetlands, and agricultural lands, support a rich biodiversity. This natural wealth makes Ohio a place of considerable ecological interest, particularly for migratory species due to its geographical position.
Mammals Found Across Ohio
White-tailed deer, Ohio’s official state mammal, are widely distributed throughout the state, inhabiting various environments from dense forests to suburban areas.
Raccoons are another common mammal found across Ohio, adaptable to both rural and urban settings where they utilize tree cavities, abandoned burrows, or human structures for nesting. They are primarily nocturnal, foraging for a diverse diet that includes fruits, nuts, insects, small animals, and even human-related food sources like garbage.
Ohio is also home to both red and gray foxes. Red foxes prefer “edge habitats” such as areas between forests and fields, or open grasslands, and are found predominantly in central and northwestern Ohio. Gray foxes, on the other hand, favor more densely wooded areas and brushland, and their populations have seen declines due to habitat loss. Both fox species are largely nocturnal, consuming small mammals, birds, fruits, and insects.
Coyotes, highly adaptable canines, have expanded their presence across Ohio and can be found in open farmlands, wooded patches, parks, and even urban golf courses. These omnivores primarily hunt at night, preying on rodents, rabbits, and deer, but will also consume fruits and carrion.
Ohio’s Diverse Bird Species
Ohio’s varied habitats support a wide range of bird species. The Northern Cardinal, Ohio’s state bird, is a year-round resident found across the state in woodlands, brush, and forest edges. Males are known for their vibrant red plumage, while females display a more reddish-olive coloration. Cardinals feed on a variety of seeds and insects.
Beyond cardinals, Ohio’s environments host numerous other common birds such as American robins and blue jays, frequently seen in suburban and rural settings. The state’s location along significant migratory paths means it also welcomes many species of raptors like hawks and owls, and various waterfowl including ducks and geese. These birds utilize Ohio’s lakes, rivers, and wetlands as crucial resting and feeding grounds during their seasonal journeys. Urban green spaces and rural farmlands provide important nesting and foraging opportunities for these diverse avian populations.
Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fish of Ohio
Ohio’s aquatic and terrestrial environments host various reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Several snake species inhabit the state, including the black racer, Ohio’s state reptile. These non-venomous snakes are primarily found in eastern and southern Ohio. Common turtles include the snapping turtle, Ohio’s largest, found in fresh or brackish water, and painted turtles, which prefer calm waters.
The state’s amphibians include frogs, toads, and salamanders. The American bullfrog, Ohio’s state frog, is North America’s largest frog and inhabits permanent bodies of water. American toads are widespread in diverse habitats. Ohio also supports 24 species of salamanders, including the spotted salamander, the state amphibian. Common salamanders like the red-spotted newt, northern dusky salamander, and mudpuppy are found in various aquatic and forested habitats.
Ohio’s lakes, rivers, and streams teem with a variety of fish species. Largemouth bass are common in nearly every lake, reservoir, and pond, preferring clear, non-flowing waters with aquatic vegetation. Smallmouth bass thrive in streams with gravel or rocky bottoms and visible currents, and are also found in Lake Erie. Other prominent fish include walleye and various catfish species, which frequent nearshore areas of Lake Erie and other significant waterways. These fish contribute to the ecological balance and recreational fishing opportunities across the state.
Notable and Protected Ohio Wildlife
The ladybug, also known as the ladybird beetle, serves as Ohio’s official state insect, valued for its role in natural pest control. Beyond these symbols, some species are noted for their rarity or conservation status. The Eastern Hellbender, a large aquatic salamander, is considered endangered within Ohio and is found in the Ohio River. Other salamander species, such as the green, cave, and blue-spotted salamanders, are also endangered, while the midland mud salamander is listed as threatened. These distinctions highlight the importance of preserving Ohio’s diverse natural heritage.