Hornets, recognized as a type of large, predatory social wasp, often evoke apprehension due to their stinging capabilities. Despite their formidable reputation, these insects are an integral part of the natural food web. Various animals, ranging from birds to mammals and even other invertebrates, actively prey on hornets, contributing to ecological balance.
Avian Predators
Birds represent a significant group of hornet predators, showcasing diverse hunting strategies. The European bee-eater specializes in consuming flying insects like bees, wasps, and hornets, often catching them mid-flight. This colorful bird skillfully removes the stinger by repeatedly striking the insect against a hard surface. Similarly, the European honey buzzard primarily feeds on the larvae of hornets and other wasps, displaying specialized facial feathers that act as armor against stings while it excavates nests.
Other avian species also prey on hornets. Summer tanagers snatch wasps in mid-air, then beat them against a branch to remove the stinger before consumption. They will also tear into paper wasp nests to access larvae. Birds like shrikes, sometimes called “butcherbirds,” include wasps in their diet, alongside other insects and small vertebrates. Various other birds, such as woodpeckers, chickadees, warblers, sparrows, and blackbirds, may also feed on hornets, particularly targeting larvae within nests or catching adults when accessible.
Mammalian Predators
Mammals also play a role in controlling hornet populations, often relying on their physical attributes to overcome the hornets’ defenses. Badgers, known for their toughness and digging prowess, frequently raid hornet nests primarily to consume the protein-rich larvae. Their thick fur provides a degree of protection against stings as they excavate. Bears, especially black bears, also seek out hornet larvae as a valuable source of protein, particularly during times when other food sources like berries are scarce. They may endure stings for the nutritional reward.
Smaller mammals, such as skunks, also prey on hornets and their nests. Skunks use their sharp claws to dig up nests, often at night when hornets are less active, and their thick fur helps shield them from stings. Raccoons are another predator that will raid hornet nests for larvae and adult insects, utilizing their dexterous paws. While they may get stung, their resilience allows them to consume the insects.
Insect and Other Invertebrate Predators
Insects and other invertebrates also prey on hornets. Praying mantises are formidable predators that will ambush and consume hornets, often subduing them by grasping them with their powerful forelegs and eating them headfirst. Robber flies, aggressive predatory insects, are capable of catching hornets mid-flight. They inject their prey with neurotoxic and proteolytic enzymes, paralyzing and liquefying the hornet’s internal tissues.
Dragonflies may also prey on hornets they encounter in flight. Some larger wasp species, including other hornets, can exhibit intra-family predation, targeting smaller or weaker hornets. Various spider species can ensnare hornets in their webs or actively hunt them, especially orb-weaving spiders whose sticky webs can effectively trap flying insects. Ants, particularly in large numbers, might also overpower and consume hornets or their larvae.