Diarrhea can lead to significant fluid loss, causing dehydration. Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) offers a straightforward yet effective way to counteract this. ORS is a blend of salts and sugar dissolved in water, designed to replenish lost fluids and electrolytes. It has played a major global role in addressing dehydration, particularly in young children.
How ORS Works
ORS contains specific components that restore the body’s fluid balance, including sodium chloride, glucose, potassium chloride, and sodium citrate. The mechanism relies on sodium-glucose co-transport, which occurs in the small intestine.
Even during diarrhea, the small intestine retains the ability to absorb water through this co-transport system. When glucose and sodium are present, specialized proteins in the intestinal wall facilitate their absorption into the cells. As sodium and glucose move into the cells, water naturally follows due to osmotic forces, pulling fluid from the intestine into the bloodstream. This coordinated movement helps restore lost fluids and electrolytes, addressing dehydration.
Using ORS Correctly
Proper preparation and administration of ORS are important. Always use clean, safe drinking water to mix the solution, as contaminated water can worsen diarrhea. For pre-packaged ORS sachets, dissolve the contents in the amount of water indicated on the packet (usually 200 mL or 1 liter) to ensure correct concentration.
Administer ORS in small, frequent amounts, especially for infants and young children, to prevent vomiting. For example, a child might be given a spoonful every few minutes, while adults can take larger sips. If vomiting occurs, pause for about 10 minutes and then resume giving the ORS slowly. Continue regular feeding, including breastfeeding for infants, alongside ORS to maintain nutrition.
When to Use ORS and When to Seek Help
ORS is appropriate for treating mild to moderate dehydration caused by diarrhea. Signs of dehydration include dry mouth, reduced urination, increased thirst, or lethargy. If these indicators are present, ORS therapy should be initiated.
However, certain warning signs indicate a need for immediate medical attention. These include severe dehydration symptoms like extreme thirst, very sunken eyes, lack of tears, or significantly decreased urination. Other concerning signs are blood in the stool, a high fever, persistent vomiting that prevents drinking, or if the child is unable to drink at all. Very young infants with diarrhea, or any individual whose condition worsens or whose diarrhea lasts more than a few days, should be seen by a healthcare professional. ORS treats dehydration but does not address the underlying cause of the diarrhea.