A turban tumor refers to a specific type of benign skin growth, medically known as a dermal cylindroma. These tumors are characterized by their appearance, often covering a significant portion of the scalp, resembling a turban. While they can cause disfigurement, they are generally non-cancerous and originate from the skin’s accessory structures.
Understanding Turban Tumors
Turban tumors present as smooth, dome-shaped nodules. Their color can range from flesh-colored to reddish-brown, and they may have a rubbery texture. These lesions can vary in size, from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter, and may grow to cover the entire scalp.
They are often observed on the scalp and forehead, but can also appear on other areas of the face and neck. These are benign growths of the cutaneous appendages, originating from sweat glands. The name “turban tumor” describes the extensive growth of multiple cylindromas.
The Genetic Link
Turban tumors often have a genetic basis, especially when multiple lesions are present. These multiple lesions are associated with Brooke-Spiegler Syndrome, an inherited condition. This syndrome is passed down through families in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning only one copy of the altered gene is needed for the condition to manifest.
The specific gene involved in Brooke-Spiegler Syndrome is the CYLD gene. This gene acts as a tumor suppressor, and a mutation in it can lead to the uncontrolled growth of skin appendage tumors. While a genetic predisposition exists for multiple turban tumors, solitary cylindromas can occur sporadically without an inherited link.
Identifying Signs and Diagnosis
Individuals with turban tumors notice the presence of nodules on their scalp, which may grow over time. These lesions are often asymptomatic, causing no pain or discomfort, though some individuals might experience mild irritation or bleeding if the tumors are traumatized. The tumors are firm to the touch and can be freely movable over underlying structures.
Diagnosis begins with a physical examination, where a healthcare professional assesses the appearance and distribution of the skin lesions. To confirm the diagnosis, a biopsy is performed, which involves taking a small tissue sample from a nodule for histological examination under a microscope. Imaging techniques, such as MRI or CT scans, may be used in cases of extensive tumor growth to evaluate their full extent, especially if there is concern about potential bone involvement.
Treatment and Prognosis
Treatment for turban tumors is surgical removal. For smaller, isolated lesions, wide local excision may be performed. In cases where tumors are extensive, cover a large area of the scalp, or have recurred, more specialized surgical approaches like Mohs micrographic surgery might be considered. This technique allows for precise removal of the tumor while preserving as much healthy tissue as possible.
Following surgical excision, a skin graft may be necessary to cover the treated area. While turban tumors are benign, there is a possibility of recurrence, particularly if all tumor cells are not removed during the initial surgery. The prognosis for individuals with turban tumors is favorable due to their non-cancerous nature. Regular follow-up appointments are important to monitor for any new growths or recurrence.