A cell line is a population of cells grown in a laboratory for an extended period, allowing for repeated experiments on a consistent cellular model. These cells originate from a single source and maintain many of their original biological characteristics. The T47D cell line, established in 1974 from the pleural effusion of a patient with breast cancer, represents a widely used and valuable tool in scientific research. Its human origin makes it highly relevant for understanding breast cancer and developing new therapies.
Unique Features of T47D Cells
The T47D cell line has specific biological characteristics useful for breast cancer research. These cells are classified as a “luminal A” subtype of breast cancer, indicating a strong expression of hormone receptors. T47D cells are positive for both the estrogen receptor (ER+) and progesterone receptor (PR+), meaning their growth is influenced by these hormones. This hormonal sensitivity makes them an appropriate model for studying hormone-sensitive breast cancers, which constitute a significant portion of all breast cancer cases.
T47D cells also exhibit a mutation in the p53 tumor suppressor gene, specifically the L194F mutation. The p53 gene helps prevent tumor formation by regulating cell growth and death; its mutation alters this function, contributing to the cancerous phenotype. This allows researchers to investigate how p53 mutations impact cancer progression and treatment responses. T47D cells can also form tumors, known as xenografts, when implanted into immunocompromised mice, enabling in vivo studies that mimic tumor growth.
Applications in Breast Cancer Research
T47D cells serve as a model for studying hormone-responsive breast cancers, which account for about 70-80% of all breast cancer cases. Researchers use these cells to evaluate the effectiveness of various endocrine therapies, such as tamoxifen, which blocks estrogen receptors, and aromatase inhibitors, which reduce estrogen production. The cell line is also a common tool in the drug discovery process for screening new anti-cancer compounds.
These cells are used to investigate how hormones influence cancer growth and treatment response by studying hormone signaling pathways. Researchers explore the complex interactions between hormones and breast cancer cells, potentially leading to more effective targeted therapies. T47D cells also help in understanding mechanisms of drug resistance, as they can develop resistance to certain therapies, providing insights into how cancer cells adapt and evade treatment.
Experiments using T47D cells often involve investigating cell proliferation and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Scientists observe how different compounds or conditions affect cell growth and their ability to undergo apoptosis, providing insights into potential therapeutic targets.
Contribution to Drug Development
The T47D cell line has significantly impacted the development of breast cancer treatments. Its use has advanced the understanding and efficacy of hormone therapies like tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors.
The T47D cell line serves as a preclinical model for identifying potential drug candidates. By testing new compounds, researchers evaluate their anticancer activity and cytotoxicity. This initial screening helps identify promising compounds for further investigation, streamlining drug development.
The T47D xenograft model, where cells are grown in mice, is used to study anti-tumor efficacy of lead compounds. This model evaluates how potential drugs affect tumor growth in a living system, offering insights into their real-world implications and advancing new therapeutic options.