CD147 is a protein found on the surface of various cells throughout the human body. This molecule plays diverse roles in biological processes, influencing how cells interact and function. Understanding CD147 provides insight into both healthy bodily operations and the progression of various diseases. This article explores the nature of CD147, its contributions to a healthy body, its involvement in disease states, and its potential as a target for new medical treatments.
Understanding CD147
CD147 is also recognized as Basigin or Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer (EMMPRIN). It is classified as a transmembrane glycoprotein, meaning it is embedded within the outer membrane of cells. This protein belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, a group of proteins involved in cell-to-cell recognition and various immune phenomena.
CD147 is composed of an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic region. It is widely present across different cell types and tissues, including hematopoietic, epithelial, and endothelial cells.
CD147’s Functions in a Healthy Body
In a healthy body, CD147 participates in cell-to-cell communication and adhesion, processes that are fundamental for tissue development and maintaining tissue integrity. It acts as a receptor for certain molecules, facilitating interactions between cells and their surroundings. This molecule also plays a part in the immune system, influencing the activity of immune cells like lymphocytes and monocytes.
CD147 is involved in glucose metabolism by helping to target monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) to the plasma membrane. It also contributes to the maintenance of the blood-brain barrier and neural network formation. Additionally, CD147 has roles in reproduction, including spermatogenesis and embryo implantation.
CD147’s Involvement in Disease
Dysregulation or exploitation of CD147’s normal functions can contribute to various disease states. A primary area of its involvement is in cancer progression. CD147 promotes tumor growth by stimulating cells to produce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes that break down the extracellular matrix and facilitate tumor invasion and metastasis. It also plays a role in angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels that supply tumors with nutrients.
CD147 is also implicated in inflammatory conditions and autoimmune diseases. Its induction of MMPs can contribute to tissue damage in chronic inflammation. It also serves as a signaling receptor for cyclophilin B, a protein involved in inflammatory responses.
CD147 has relevance in certain viral infections. For instance, it has been identified as an essential receptor on red blood cells for the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, facilitating parasite entry. Its role in viral entry or replication for other viruses is an active area of research.
Targeting CD147 for Therapeutic Development
Given its involvement in numerous diseases, CD147 is being investigated as a potential target for new medical treatments. Researchers are exploring ways to modulate CD147 activity, particularly in cancer and inflammatory disorders. One approach involves using antibodies designed to block CD147’s function, thereby inhibiting its disease-promoting effects. These antibodies can prevent CD147 from interacting with its binding partners or from inducing MMP production.
Another strategy focuses on developing small molecules that can interfere with CD147’s interactions or expression. These molecules could disrupt pathways that rely on CD147, offering a way to mitigate disease progression. While promising, challenges remain in developing specific and effective therapies. Research continues to explore the therapeutic potential of targeting CD147.