The arum flower family, with its distinctive and often dramatic appearance, is recognized by its unique floral structure: a prominent spathe (leaf-like bract) enveloping a central spadix, which bears the true flowers. Beyond their visual appeal, arum flowers have a rich history of symbolic interpretations across cultures and eras, revealing how these plants have resonated deeply with human experience.
The Diverse Symbolism of Arum Flowers
The distinctive architecture of arum flowers, particularly the interplay between the spathe and spadix, inspires diverse symbolic meanings. The pure white or vibrant spathe, resembling a protective hood, represents purity, innocence, and rebirth, suggesting renewal or spiritual awakening. Conversely, the prominent spadix, surrounded by the spathe, associates with passion, fertility, and transformation. The flower’s emergence, bloom, and decay further link its symbolism to resurrection and the cyclical nature of life and death. This duality allows arum flowers to embody both solemn contemplation and profound celebration, reflecting the intricate spectrum of human experience.
Arum Flowers in Mythology and Culture
Arum flowers have woven themselves into the fabric of mythology and cultural practices across diverse civilizations. In ancient Greek mythology, the arum lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica) was associated with Persephone, goddess of spring and the underworld, suggesting regeneration and new beginnings. The Italian arum (Arum italicum) was linked to Hera, symbolizing protection and watchfulness, with its vibrant berries used in ceremonial garlands to ward off negative influences. Christian traditions adopted the arum, interpreting its pure white spathe as a symbol of the Virgin Mary’s purity and the resurrection of Christ, especially around Easter.
The wild arum, commonly known as Lords-and-Ladies (Arum maculatum), holds a complex place in European folklore. Its suggestive form, with a phallic spadix and enveloping spathe, led to numerous colloquial names and associations with fertility and sexuality. Its toxicity also contributed to beliefs of it being unlucky or a symbol of death in some folk traditions, particularly in Victorian England where it was sometimes avoided indoors.
Meanings of Specific Arum Varieties
While the arum family shares broad symbolic traits, specific varieties hold distinct interpretations. The Calla Lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica) is recognized for its elegant, trumpet-shaped white spathe, symbolizing purity, innocence, and beauty. Its serene appearance makes it a favored choice for weddings, representing marital bliss and new beginnings. Its use in funeral arrangements also links it to rebirth and resurrection, offering solace.
In contrast, Lords-and-Ladies (Arum maculatum) carries a more ambiguous symbolic weight. This native European plant, with its often spotted leaves and distinctive spathe, has strong ties to ancient folklore. Its suggestive form led to associations with fertility and bawdiness in English tradition. However, its inherent toxicity and poisonous red berries also connected it to danger and death in folk beliefs, creating a dual symbolism of life and peril.
Contemporary Significance and Usage
In modern times, the diverse symbolic meanings of arum flowers continue to influence their widespread usage in floral design and horticulture. The elegant Calla Lily remains a favored choice for significant life events, gracing wedding bouquets and memorial services. Its sophisticated form also makes it a popular feature in contemporary decor. Certain arum species, like the Italian arum (Arum italicum), are valued in garden design for their distinctive foliage and resilience, symbolizing determination and inner strength. Arum flowers, particularly Calla Lilies, frequently appear in art, reflecting their enduring aesthetic appeal and symbolic depth.