The marmalade hoverfly, scientifically known as Episyrphus balteatus, is a common and widespread insect found across the Palaearctic region. This fly belongs to the Syrphidae family, often mimicking the appearance of bees or wasps. Despite its resemblance to stinging insects, the marmalade hoverfly is harmless and does not sting, making it a welcome presence in gardens and agricultural areas.
Identifying the Marmalade Hoverfly
The marmalade hoverfly is a small insect, typically measuring 8 to 12 millimeters in length. Its abdomen displays distinctive orange and black bands, appearing wasp-like to deter predators. A distinguishing feature is the presence of two thin black lines on the third and fourth dorsal plates of its abdomen.
Its thorax is shiny brown with faint grey longitudinal stripes. Unlike bees or wasps, which have two pairs of wings, hoverflies possess only a single pair. Their antennae are short, and they exhibit a unique hovering flight pattern, remaining stationary before darting off rapidly. Males can be identified by their holoptic eyes, where the left and right compound eyes touch at the top of their heads, while females have well-separated eyes.
Its Role in the Ecosystem
The marmalade hoverfly plays a dual role in ecosystems as both a pollinator and a natural pest controller. Adult hoverflies feed on nectar and pollen from various flowering plants. While they may not be as efficient as bees individually, their sheer abundance means they contribute to the pollination of a wide range of wildflowers, soft fruits, and brassica crops.
The larvae of the marmalade hoverfly are carnivorous and are highly effective predators of soft-bodied pests, particularly aphids. A single larva can consume a large number of aphids during its development. This makes them valuable biological control agents, helping to naturally regulate aphid populations in gardens and agricultural fields, reducing the need for chemical pesticides.
Where to Find and Observe Them
Marmalade hoverflies are adaptable and found in diverse habitats. They are common in urban gardens, meadows, parks, agricultural fields, hedgerows, and woodlands. Their widespread geographical distribution spans across Europe, North Asia, and North Africa. They are considered one of the most abundant hoverfly species in many regions, with populations often boosted by migratory swarms.
These hoverflies can be observed throughout much of the year, from April to October in many areas, and even year-round in Mediterranean climates. Some individuals migrate south for warmer winters, while others may overwinter in sheltered locations. To attract and observe them, consider planting native wildflowers and flat-topped flowers, such as bramble, knapweed, dandelion, and scabious, which provide a constant supply of nectar and pollen. They are often seen hovering near flowers or darting quickly between plants.