Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) is a protein found throughout the human body. This protein plays a part in numerous biological processes, influencing how cells behave and interact. This article explores FSTL1’s biological activities and its associations with various health conditions.
Understanding FSTL1
FSTL1 is a secreted glycoprotein, meaning it is a protein with attached sugar chains that is released from cells. It is encoded by the FSTL1 gene. This protein is widely distributed, found in various tissues and organs, including the heart, lungs, kidneys, and joints. Its presence in these diverse locations suggests its broad involvement in maintaining bodily functions.
FSTL1 belongs to the secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) family, characterized by similar structural features. It exists in different forms, which can affect its specific interactions and activities. Its structure includes domains that allow it to bind to other molecules, facilitating its roles in cellular communication. The widespread expression of FSTL1 across different cell types indicates its general participation in tissue health and development.
FSTL1’s Biological Functions
FSTL1 participates in several fundamental biological processes, acting as a modulator of cellular behavior. It influences inflammation by interacting with immune cells and signaling pathways, which can either promote or reduce inflammatory responses depending on the context. This protein also contributes to tissue repair mechanisms following injury or damage. It can affect the proliferation and migration of cells involved in healing, such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells.
FSTL1 also plays a role in regulating cell growth and differentiation. It can influence how cells mature into specialized types and how quickly they divide. These regulatory activities are achieved through its ability to bind to various growth factors and receptors on cell surfaces.
FSTL1’s Involvement in Health Conditions
In cardiovascular diseases, FSTL1 has complex roles. Elevated levels of FSTL1 have been noted in conditions such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), where it may contribute to inflammation and tissue remodeling. Conversely, some studies suggest FSTL1 can also have protective effects on blood vessels, influencing their health and repair.
In autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, FSTL1 is frequently found in increased concentrations within affected joint tissues and the blood. In this context, FSTL1 can promote inflammation and the destruction of cartilage and bone by activating immune cells.
FSTL1’s association with certain cancers is also being investigated, with its role varying depending on the cancer type. In some cancers, FSTL1 levels are elevated and may support tumor growth, cell survival, and the formation of new blood vessels that nourish the tumor. For example, in ovarian and lung cancers, higher FSTL1 levels have been linked to more aggressive disease progression. However, in other cancer types, FSTL1 might have tumor-suppressing effects.