The AREDS formula is a specific combination of high-dose vitamins and minerals designed to support eye health. This dietary supplement is used to support vision in individuals with certain eye conditions. When you see “AREDS” or “AREDS2” on a product label, it indicates that the formulation adheres to the nutrient composition established by significant scientific studies.
The Purpose and Origin of AREDS
The AREDS formula was developed to address age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a common eye disease that can lead to blurred central vision. AMD occurs when the macula, a part of the retina responsible for sharp, straight-ahead vision, deteriorates with age. The initial Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) was a clinical trial conducted by the National Eye Institute between 1992 and 2001.
The study investigated whether high doses of antioxidant vitamins and minerals could impact the progression of AMD and cataracts. It provided evidence that a specific combination of these nutrients could help slow the progression of AMD. This study laid the foundation for the original AREDS formula, offering a strategy to manage the disease.
Key Components of the Original AREDS Formula
The original AREDS formula included a blend of vitamins and minerals. It contained 500 milligrams (mg) of Vitamin C, an antioxidant. Vitamin E, also an antioxidant, was present at 400 International Units (IU).
The formula also incorporated 15 mg of beta-carotene, a precursor to Vitamin A. Zinc (as zinc oxide) was included at 80 mg. To counteract copper deficiency from high zinc intake, 2 mg of copper (as cupric oxide) was added.
The Evolution to AREDS2 and Current Recommendations
Scientific understanding continued to advance, leading to the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2), which commenced in 2006. This study assessed if modifying the original AREDS formula could enhance its effectiveness. AREDS2 removed beta-carotene because studies indicated it could increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers.
In place of beta-carotene, AREDS2 incorporated 10 mg of lutein and 2 mg of zeaxanthin, which are carotenoids found naturally in the macula and are thought to protect against light-induced damage. The AREDS2 study also investigated omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA), but these did not show additional benefit in slowing AMD progression. Despite investigating varying zinc dosages, the 80 mg zinc dosage from the original AREDS formula remained. The current recommendation for most patients is the AREDS2 formulation, which includes Vitamin C, Vitamin E, zinc, copper, lutein, and zeaxanthin.
Who Benefits and Important Safety Considerations
The AREDS/AREDS2 formula is recommended for individuals with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in one or both eyes, or those with advanced AMD in one eye. The supplements may help delay the progression of intermediate to advanced AMD and preserve vision longer. These supplements are not intended to prevent AMD from developing, nor are they beneficial for individuals with early-stage AMD or those without the condition.
Potential side effects of AREDS/AREDS2 supplements include stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, or bloating, often attributed to the high levels of vitamins and minerals. The original AREDS formula, with beta-carotene, increased lung cancer risk for current or former smokers. Therefore, these individuals should use the AREDS2 formula, which excludes beta-carotene. High doses of Vitamin E can interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners, and high zinc levels may interfere with antibiotics. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen to ensure it is appropriate and to discuss potential interactions with existing medications.