“Teneke,” translated as “The Drumming-Out,” stands as a seminal novel by the distinguished Turkish author Yaşar Kemal. Published in 1955, it quickly established itself as a significant work of social realism. It depicts societal struggles within a specific regional context. Its enduring relevance stems from its examination of human dynamics and power structures.
The Story of Teneke
“Teneke” centers on Kaymakam Fikret Irmak, a young and idealistic district governor newly appointed to his post in the cotton-growing region of Çukurova, located in southern Anatolia. Upon arrival, Fikret quickly confronts the harsh realities faced by seasonal workers and local landowners, who are exploited by powerful rice planters. The novel vividly portrays the tragic conditions under which these individuals live, particularly in relation to the agricultural practices of the region.
Fikret becomes determined to combat widespread oppression by influential rice planters, particularly the arrogant and corrupt Okçuoğlu Mustafa Bey. He attempts to enforce laws protecting the vulnerable, but his efforts are met with resistance from the established local elite. The conflict escalates as Fikret tries to prevent the flooding of land for rice cultivation, which would displace and harm the traditional landowners and peasants.
Fikret becomes increasingly isolated in his fight against the entrenched system. Key figures like Memed Ali the Kurd, a peasant who refuses to surrender, and Zeyno Karı, an old activist, emerge as symbols of resistance, often inciting others against the exploitation. Despite the Kaymakam’s sincere intentions and legal backing, the powerful landowners employ various tactics to undermine his authority and force his removal. The story culminates in a poignant demonstration of the immense challenges faced when attempting to bring about social change against deeply rooted corruption.
Unpacking the Themes
“Teneke” explores social justice within an agricultural community. The novel powerfully illustrates the struggle between the rule of law and the pervasive influence of corruption. It highlights how entrenched power structures can manipulate regulations for personal gain, leaving ordinary people vulnerable.
The novel also examines the conflict between tradition and progress. While Kaymakam Fikret represents a modern, legalistic approach to governance, he clashes with the deeply ingrained, often exploitative, traditional practices of the local landowners. This clash underscores the difficulty of implementing change in a society where old customs hold sway. The abuse of power is another central theme, vividly depicted through the actions of the wealthy rice planters who wield their economic might to oppress the working class.
The plight of the working class is a recurring concern throughout the novel. Kemal meticulously portrays their harsh living conditions and their struggle for basic human dignity. Despite the overwhelming odds, characters like Memed Ali the Kurd and Zeyno Karı demonstrate the resilience of the human spirit, showcasing an enduring will to resist exploitation and fight for a more equitable existence.
Yaşar Kemal and His Vision
Yaşar Kemal, born in a village in southern Anatolia, developed a literary style rooted in his firsthand knowledge of Turkish rural life. His works reflect a deep commitment to social commentary, often focusing on the social relations within villages. Kemal’s narratives frequently address themes such as the exploitation of workers and the harsh realities faced by villagers.
“Teneke” was published in 1955, a period in post-war Turkey marked by significant social and economic shifts. The novel reflects the realities of land ownership disputes and widespread social inequality prevalent at the time. Kemal’s connection to the Anatolian landscape and its people imbues his writing with an authentic voice, allowing him to portray the struggles of the dispossessed with striking clarity.
His vision extended to using literature as a means to expose injustices and advocate for the oppressed. Kemal’s background, including his own experiences with hard labor and political detention, informed his perspective as an “engaged author” who consistently opposed exploitation and championed fairness. He drew upon rich Anatolian folklore and oral traditions, weaving them into his narratives to create compelling and culturally resonant stories.
Literary Acclaim and Lasting Influence
“Teneke” established Yaşar Kemal as a significant voice in Turkish literature. The novel is recognized as a powerful example of social realism, contributing to the “village novel” tradition that deals with rural life in Turkey. Its realistic portrayal of societal issues resonated deeply with readers and critics alike.
Its impact extended beyond Turkey, with translations into various languages since 1964, including English as “The Drumming-Out.” It has earned a place as a classic, influencing subsequent generations of writers by demonstrating the power of literature to shed light on social injustices. “Teneke” has also been adapted into other forms, including a play by Yaşar Kemal himself, further cementing its cultural significance.