Tendon adhesions occur when scar tissue forms between a tendon and its surrounding structures, restricting normal movement. A tendon, a strong fibrous band connecting muscle to bone, enables joint movement. When adhesions develop, this scar tissue “sticks” the tendon to adjacent tissues, preventing smooth gliding. This can lead to persistent pain and limited mobility in the affected area.
Understanding Tendon Adhesions
Tendons glide freely within sheaths or alongside other tissues like bones and ligaments. This smooth movement is necessary for proper joint function. Following an injury, inflammation, or surgery, the body initiates a healing process that involves scar tissue formation.
This scar tissue, known as adhesions, can form between the tendon and its neighboring structures. Instead of moving independently, the tendon becomes tethered, impeding its natural range of motion. Adhesions are common in areas like the hand, ankle, and shoulder.
Causes and Recognizable Symptoms
Tendon adhesions often develop after trauma or injury to the tendon or surrounding tissues, such as cuts, fractures, or sprains. Orthopedic surgical procedures, particularly tendon repair or reconstruction, can also lead to adhesion formation. Inflammation, like tendinitis, or prolonged joint immobilization, can also contribute to their development.
Individuals with tendon adhesions often report persistent pain that worsens with joint movement. Stiffness is a common symptom, along with decreased range of motion. Weakness or reduced grip strength may also occur when moving the affected limb or digit.
Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches
Healthcare professionals diagnose tendon adhesions through a combination of methods. A physical examination assesses the active and passive range of motion of the affected joint and checks for tenderness. Medical history, including any prior injuries or surgeries, is also considered.
Imaging techniques, such as ultrasound or MRI, can confirm the presence and extent of adhesions by visualizing soft tissues. Treatment options vary based on the severity and location of the adhesions.
Conservative approaches, often the first line of treatment, include physical therapy, targeted stretching, and specialized massage techniques. Anti-inflammatory medications may be prescribed to manage pain and reduce inflammation. Splinting or bracing can also support the affected area.
If conservative methods are insufficient, surgical intervention like adhesiolysis may be considered. This procedure involves surgically releasing scar tissue to restore normal tendon function.
Rehabilitation and Preventing Recurrence
Rehabilitation is important for restoring function after conservative management or surgery. Physical therapy focuses on exercises and stretches to improve range of motion, increase strength, and enhance overall limb function. Occupational therapy may also be incorporated, especially for hand and wrist adhesions, to help individuals regain dexterity and perform daily activities.
To minimize recurrence, early and controlled movement after injury or surgery is often encouraged. Adhering to prescribed rehabilitation protocols, including consistent exercises and splinting if recommended, is also important. Proper body mechanics and avoiding excessive stress on the healing tendon can help prevent scar tissue re-formation.