Teeth whitening is a popular cosmetic procedure for a brighter smile. However, using whitening products without understanding their ingredients can lead to unintended consequences. Some ingredients can be detrimental to oral health, making it important to know what to avoid for safety and effective results.
Harmful Ingredients and Their Effects
High concentrations of hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide are common in teeth whitening products. While effective, concentrations exceeding 10% in over-the-counter products can damage tooth enamel. This may cause increased tooth sensitivity, gum irritation, and harm to the nerves within the tooth pulp over time. Prolonged contact with lower concentration gels can also negatively affect enamel.
Chlorine dioxide is sometimes found in inexpensive, online whitening kits. This chemical, primarily used as a water disinfectant, is unsuitable for dental use. It can severely erode tooth enamel, leading to permanent damage and increasing the risk of tooth decay and sensitivity. Products with chlorine dioxide often have an acidic pH (1-3), which can etch the tooth surface, causing a permanent loss of tooth luster and making teeth rougher.
Sodium perborate, though less common, appears in some online whitening kits. This chemical is banned in regions like the EU for cosmetic use due to concerns about reproductive toxicity. When used in non-vital bleaching, especially with hydrogen peroxide, it has been linked to side effects like cervical root resorption and changes in tooth structure.
Abrasive agents like charcoal and baking soda are often promoted for natural teeth whitening. Activated charcoal can remove surface stains, but its abrasive nature can wear down enamel with repeated use. This erosion exposes the yellowish dentin, potentially making teeth appear darker over time. Similarly, baking soda, a mild abrasive, can also cause enamel erosion if used excessively or with too much force, increasing sensitivity and susceptibility to cavities.
Identifying Risky Products
Consumers should carefully read product labels to identify potentially harmful ingredients. Look for specific names like chlorine dioxide, and be wary of products that do not clearly list active ingredient concentrations. Products with high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, especially above 10% for at-home use, require caution.
Many over-the-counter whitening strips, gels, and DIY kits may contain these substances. Be cautious of products from unreputable online sources, as they may not adhere to safety standards. Checking for endorsements from recognized dental associations, such as the American Dental Association (ADA) Seal of Acceptance, indicates a product’s safety and effectiveness.
Safer Whitening Alternatives
Professional in-office teeth whitening treatments use higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide, often ranging from 25% to 40%. These treatments are performed under controlled conditions with professional supervision, minimizing risks to gums and soft tissues through protective barriers. A dentist can assess your oral health to determine if whitening is appropriate and can manage potential side effects like sensitivity.
Dentist-prescribed at-home kits provide custom-fitted trays and a whitening gel with controlled concentrations, usually around 10% to 20% carbamide peroxide, which releases hydrogen peroxide. These custom trays ensure the whitening agent stays on the teeth and away from gums, reducing irritation. This method allows for effective whitening over a period of days or weeks with professional guidance.
Beyond professional treatments, maintaining good oral hygiene, including regular brushing and flossing, helps prevent stain accumulation. Limiting consumption of stain-causing foods and beverages like coffee, tea, and red wine can also help maintain tooth brightness. While some whitening toothpastes contain mild abrasives like baking soda or silica, they generally work by removing surface stains and are considered safe for daily use when formulated appropriately.