Systemic corticosteroids are a class of medications designed to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system throughout the body. These drugs are synthetic versions of cortisol, a hormone naturally produced by the adrenal glands. They are administered orally, intravenously, or through intramuscular injection, allowing them to circulate broadly, making them effective for various conditions affecting multiple organ systems.
How Systemic Corticosteroids Work
Systemic corticosteroids function by mimicking natural cortisol, influencing bodily processes. They exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting inflammation pathways. This involves reducing inflammatory chemicals and preventing immune cells from traveling to inflammation sites.
They also suppress the immune system. They do this by decreasing the activity and numbers of certain immune cells, calming an overactive immune response. This dual action alleviates symptoms and manages diseases where the immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues or reacts excessively to external triggers.
Common Conditions Treated
Systemic corticosteroids treat a broad spectrum of conditions due to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. They manage autoimmune diseases where the immune system attacks healthy tissues, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. The medication calms the exaggerated immune response and reduces associated inflammation.
They also treat severe allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis and severe asthma, by rapidly reducing life-threatening inflammation. Inflammatory conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, eczema, and psoriasis also benefit, as they control severe inflammation affecting various organs and tissues. They also manage certain cancers and prevent organ transplant rejection by suppressing the immune system to accept the new organ.
Recognizing Potential Effects
While beneficial, systemic corticosteroids can lead to various effects. Short-term use may cause increased appetite, weight gain, and mood changes like irritability or insomnia. Other common short-term effects include fluid retention (swelling) and elevated blood sugar levels.
Longer-term use presents more serious concerns. These include a higher risk of bone thinning (osteoporosis) and increased susceptibility to infections due to immune suppression. High blood pressure, muscle weakness, and skin thinning are also possible with prolonged use. Cataracts or glaucoma can also develop over time.
Important Usage Considerations
Proper use involves strict adherence to prescribed dosage and duration. Following the healthcare provider’s instructions precisely maximizes benefits and minimizes potential effects. Self-adjusting the medication can lead to inadequate treatment or increased risks.
When discontinuing, gradual tapering of the dose is often necessary. This slow reduction allows the adrenal glands to resume natural hormone production, preventing withdrawal symptoms or adrenal insufficiency. Certain pre-existing conditions, such as diabetes, glaucoma, or heart conditions, require careful monitoring due to potential interactions or worsening. Patients should discuss all existing health issues and medications with their provider for safe and effective treatment.